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 <title>Observatoire du discours financier en traduction - journalisme</title>
 <link>https://odft.nt2.ca/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/journalisme</link>
 <description></description>
 <language>fr</language>
<item>
 <title>Journalistic Corpora in Teaching Specialized Translation</title>
 <link>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/journalistic-corpora-teaching-specialized-translation</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;img typeof=&quot;foaf:Image&quot; src=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/sites/odft.aegir.nt2.uqam.ca/files/styles/image_contenu_blogue/public/field/image/mahdis-mousavi-hJ5uMIRNg5k-unsplash.jpg?itok=aTnUowR9&quot; width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; alt=&quot;A woman stands in the middle of a larger-than-life neural net. Photo credit Mahdis Mousavi&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot; property=&quot;content:encoded&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong style=&quot;color: rgb(36, 32, 33); font-family: Georgia, &amp;quot;Adobe Garamond Pro&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Apple Garamond&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;ITC Garamond&amp;quot;, &amp;quot;Times New Roman&amp;quot;, Times, serif; font-size: 16px;&quot;&gt;By Leigha Smith, MA student, Concordia University&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;As technology evolves, so evolves the field of translation. Debates about the utility of machine-assisted translation have proliferated since its introduction, and newer developments in AI training are spawning new discussions on the role technology plays (or can play, or perhaps should play) in the act of translation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Inevitably, this raises questions in the classroom: To what extent should instructors emphasize or de-emphasize technology in translator training? In their latest article, &quot;Le corpus journalistique dans l’enseignement de la traduction économique et financière&quot; (forthcoming in TTR), Pier-Pascale Boulanger and Chantal Gagnon propose the use of journalistic corpora as one way to incorporate technology into translator instruction, while emphasizing critical thinking—a particularly salient need given recent declines in writing proficiency among undergraduates in Quebec (Boivin, Chabot and Debeurme, 2022; Leduc and Morasse, 2021). &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Some debate around the use of technology in translation results from the perception that technology—from translation memories to AI writing aids such as ChatGPT—degrade skills such as critical thinking and writing ability. New translators can at times rely too heavily on these tools as they learn the trade (Daems, 2016; Depraetere, 2010). Developing skills such as critical thinking, self-reflexivity, and contextual analysis are great ways to develop a sense of the human translator&#039;s role in an automated world.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;To demonstrate these points, Boulanger and Gagnon illustrate the pedagogical use of journalistic corpora in the specialized field of financial translation. Studies have argued that journalistic corpora are rich pedagogical resources especially for specialized areas of translation.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The authors note that a bilingual corpus of financial and economic news offers ample opportunity for critical analysis of power relations within source texts. Teaching students to apply critical discourse analysis to newspaper articles identifies the power relations at work within the financial sphere, as well as how those relations are reproduced in newspaper articles. The authors note three main areas where this reproduction can be identified: lexicon and vocabulary, agency, and voice. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Critical reading can also reveal bias reversal in financial news, wherein—unlike in news at large—financial news is &lt;a href=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/discourse-confidence-during-financial-crisis-canadian-newspapers&quot;&gt;more likely to contain positive bias&lt;/a&gt; to the point of obscuring realistic assessment of risk. Financial news also exemplifies dedicated use of euphemisms and shifts in terminology; corpora can help students identify the discursive replacement of terms like predatory loans in favour of language such as subprime loans. Importantly, power relations are also reproduced in the sources journalists draw from in the reporting of their stories: Financial institutions are frequently privileged as sources in the reporting of economic news. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;The wide-reaching effects of source bias is a critical lesson for translators-in-training. Journalism—like all writing; like translation—has substantial social and cultural impact. As noted by the authors, the prioritization of financial institutions&#039; perspectives in journalistic coverage allows neoliberal ideology to flourish and may normalize notions of consumer resilience and adaptability in the face of precarity, &lt;a href=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/institutional-victims-no-perpetrators-analyzing-discursive-trends-canadian-financial-news&quot;&gt;instead of suggesting any responsibility to be found among financial institutions themselves&lt;/a&gt;. In drawing students&#039; attention to recurring voices and points of view, instructors can develop key contextual analysis skills among prospective translators—skills machines may never develop.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Boulanger and Gagnon neither valorize nor malign technology&#039;s role in translation. Regardless of a person&#039;s feelings about machine-assisted translation, its existence cannot be ignored. Apart from the usefulness of critical analysis discourse for students of translation, making use of corpora in teaching helps prospective translators to understand their roles as cultural actors, as social agents in their own right. Translators contribute to culture and society in ways that extend beyond the mere act of translation. This, too, seems a worthwhile message to teach.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
 <pubDate>Mon, 21 Aug 2023 18:21:32 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Leigha Smith</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">144427 at https://odft.nt2.ca</guid>
 <comments>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/journalistic-corpora-teaching-specialized-translation#comments</comments>
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 <title>Institutional Victims, No Perpetrators: Analyzing Discursive Trends in Canadian Financial News, 2007-2008</title>
 <link>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/institutional-victims-no-perpetrators-analyzing-discursive-trends-canadian-financial-news</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;img typeof=&quot;foaf:Image&quot; src=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/sites/odft.aegir.nt2.uqam.ca/files/styles/image_contenu_blogue/public/field/image/micah-williams-d4s3uw-AjsA-unsplash.jpg?itok=_usJ8S3s&quot; width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; alt=&quot;An office building collapses in the background while, in the foreground, several people take photos of the catastrophe on their phone&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot; property=&quot;content:encoded&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;By Leigha Smith, MA student, Concordia University&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;To peruse Canadian financial news, one is tempted to believe that financial institutions are routinely oppressed by the very markets they control. The assignment of victimhood in newspaper coverage of the financial crisis has been closely studied by Pier-Pascale Boulanger and René Lemieux in &lt;a href=&quot;https://doi.org/10.7202/1088352ar&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/meta/2021-v66-n3-meta06938/1088352ar/&quot;&gt;Qui est « victim* » dans les pages économiques et financières des journaux canadiens en période de crise ?&quot;&lt;/a&gt; Analyzing major Canadian newspapers in both English and French like &lt;em&gt;La Presse, Le Devoir, The Globe and Mail&lt;/em&gt;, and &lt;em&gt;Toronto Star&lt;/em&gt;, the authors found that institutions—particularly legal persons, a category which includes banks, ratings agencies, corporations, and refinancing organizations—were characterized as &quot;victims&quot; of the 2007-2008 financial crisis about three and a half times more often than were human beings.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The recurring description of &lt;em&gt;institutions&lt;/em&gt; as victims is particularly striking in this media discourse. The language of &quot;victim*&quot; is in and of itself interesting, though not necessarily surprising to keen observers of dramatization trends in daily newspapers. Catherine Resche (2009) found that victimization discourse is one effective way daily newspapers routinely arouse readers&#039; sympathies.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The marketing tactic of dramatization (Charaudeau 2005/2011) also exacerbates negative press coverage, deepening the already-present negativity bias in newspaper media. As found by Soroka and McAdams (2015), negative news coverage tends to compel a stronger reaction in readers than positive press. As noted by Boulanger and Lemieux, creating relational sympathies of this kind is part and parcel of a journalist&#039;s work. The reader of a newspaper should, ideally, be compelled to read its contents. Because &lt;a href=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/discourse-confidence-during-financial-crisis-canadian-newspapers&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;negative coverage of financial news can result in reduced consumer and investor confidence&lt;/a&gt;, however, the language of &quot;victim*&quot; to describe institutions may be a way to compel readers of financial news without sacrificing their confidence in the markets.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;These factors may have contributed to the significant uptick in the language of victimhood used in French-language financial news around the time of the crisis. Usage increased by about two and a half times in 2007-2008 compared with its average over the previous six years. Interestingly, the term &quot;victim*&quot; was generally used in French at about three times the frequency of English sources. As noted by the authors, this may be partly owing to English use of synonyms like &quot;casualty&quot; to describe the same phenomenon.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The alliance of these terms reveals the passive positioning of institutions in financial news during the crisis. The term &quot;victim,&quot; in part owing to its etymological origins, positions institutions in opposition to the agents of the crisis. Put another way, institutions positioned by news media as victims were implicitly—and at times explicitly—discursively stripped of their agency in creating that same crisis.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A particularly salient example is found in the coverage of Coventree, a Canadian non-bank financial institution who packaged asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) with U.S. subprime mortgages and marketed such packages as safe investments when they were anything but. These investments eventually collapsed when the U.S. housing market did. In 2011, Coventree and its founders were &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.thestar.com/business/2011/11/09/coventree_and_its_founders_ordered_to_pay_2_million_for_handling_of_abcp_meltdown.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;fined two million dollars&lt;/a&gt; for misleading investors as to the security of ABCP investments.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;But what exactly was Coventree a victim of? To ask newspapers, much: One Francophone paper described Coventree—quite evidently a perpetrator of many Canadians&#039; financial woes—as &quot;la première véritable victime du reserrement des conditions de prêt,&quot; while Anglophone papers described Coventree variously as the victim of &quot;disruption in the domestic asset-backed market,&quot; &quot;subprime loans,&quot; &quot;&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theglobeandmail.com/amp/report-on-business/credit-crunch-claims-victim-in-canada/article20400324/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;credit crunch&lt;/a&gt;,&quot; and &quot;turmoil.&quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Boulanger and Lemieux note that, as a function of the journalist&#039;s duty to make complex concepts accessible to the average reader, the original definition of &quot;victim&quot; (and similarly applied synonyms, like &quot;casualty&quot;) has been buried in these applications. Furthermore, only in four cases of the canvassed major newspapers (thrice in French, once in English) was it mentioned that the institutional “victims” of the crisis were also its perpetrators.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The role of newspapers&#039; language of victimization is thus manifold. Not only does it build the compelling narratives and compulsion to read that newspaper media relies on to thrive, it effectively removes agency from financial institutions during times of crisis. As noted by the authors, erasing the causes and perpetrators of the crisis from the discourse also contributes to the popular perception that regulation of the financial industry is a moot effort. If events like the 2007-2008 crisis can—by seemingly impossible-to-foresee events—make &quot;victims&quot; even of financial institutions, what can regulation possibly hope to achieve? The language of victimhood is an effective smokescreen: one that compels newspaper readers at the same time that it convinces them such tragedies have no perpetrator or cause.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-mots-cles-libres-blogue field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Mots-clés libres du blogue:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/journalisme&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;journalisme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/dramatisation&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;dramatisation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/victime&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;victime&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-ref-biblio-test field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;node-144416&quot; class=&quot;node node-biblio node-teaser&quot; about=&quot;/biblio/qui-est-%C2%AB-victim-%C2%BB-dans-les-pages-%C3%A9conomiques-et-financi%C3%A8res-des-journaux-canadiens-en&quot; typeof=&quot;sioc:Item foaf:Document&quot;&gt;

        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/qui-est-%C2%AB-victim-%C2%BB-dans-les-pages-%C3%A9conomiques-et-financi%C3%A8res-des-journaux-canadiens-en&quot;&gt;Qui est « victim* » dans les pages économiques et financières des journaux canadiens en période de crise ?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=288&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Boulanger, Pier-Pascale&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=304&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;René  Lemieux&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/qui-est-%C2%AB-victim-%C2%BB-dans-les-pages-%C3%A9conomiques-et-financi%C3%A8res-des-journaux-canadiens-en&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Qui Est « Victim* » Dans Les Pages Économiques Et Financières Des Journaux Canadiens En Période De Crise ?&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Meta&lt;/span&gt; 66 (2021), 18. doi:https://doi.org/10.7202/1088352ar.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Qui+est+%C2%AB+victim%2A+%C2%BB+dans+les+pages+%C3%A9conomiques+et+financi%C3%A8res+des+journaux+canadiens+en+p%C3%A9riode+de+crise+%3F&amp;amp;rft.title=Meta&amp;amp;rft.date=2021&amp;amp;rft.volume=66&amp;amp;rft.spage=18&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Boulanger&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Pier-Pascale&amp;amp;rft.au=Lemieux%2C+Ren%C3%A9&amp;amp;rft.au=Lemieux%2C+Ren%C3%A9&amp;amp;rft.au=Lemieux%2C+Ren%C3%A9&amp;amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%2F1088352ar&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-f92e8b2bac4912e5febdf9e1d4057438&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/les-m%C3%A9dias-et-linformation-limpossible-transparence-du-discours-2005&quot;&gt;Les médias et l&amp;#039;information. L&amp;#039;impossible transparence du discours [2005]&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=28&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Charaudeau, Patrick&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/les-m%C3%A9dias-et-linformation-limpossible-transparence-du-discours-2005&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Les Médias Et L&#039;information. L&#039;impossible Transparence Du Discours [2005]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. 2e éditionᵉ éd. Bruxelles: De Boeck Université, 2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Les+m%C3%A9dias+et+l%26%23039%3Binformation.+L%26%23039%3Bimpossible+transparence+du+discours+%5B2005%5D&amp;amp;rft.date=2011&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Charaudeau&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;amp;rft.pub=De+Boeck+Universit%C3%A9&amp;amp;rft.place=Bruxelles&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-893c156fec761a11f2396d1faa7de01a&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/economist-discours-de-sp%C3%A9cialit%C3%A9-%C3%A9conomique-ou-discours-sur-l%E2%80%99%C3%A9conomie&quot;&gt;The Economist : discours de spécialité économique ou discours sur l’économie ?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=77&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Resche, Catherine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/economist-discours-de-sp%C3%A9cialit%C3%A9-%C3%A9conomique-ou-discours-sur-l%E2%80%99%C3%A9conomie&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;The Economist : Discours De Spécialité Économique Ou Discours Sur L’Économie ?&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Ilcea&lt;/span&gt; 11 (2009). doi:https://doi.org/10.4000/ilcea.64.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+Economist+%3A+discours+de+sp%C3%A9cialit%C3%A9+%C3%A9conomique+ou+discours+sur+l%E2%80%99%C3%A9conomie+%3F&amp;amp;rft.title=ILCEA&amp;amp;rft.date=2009&amp;amp;rft.volume=11&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Resche&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Catherine&amp;amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%2Filcea.64&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-7f07ba1cebf32122fd985033e5c12df6&quot;&gt;
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=302&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Soroka, Stuart&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=303&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stephen  McAdams&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/news-politics-and-negativity&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;News, Politics, And Negativity&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Political Communication&lt;/span&gt; 32 (2015), 22. doi:doi:10.1080/10584609.2014.881942.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=News%2C+politics%2C+and+negativity&amp;amp;rft.title=Political+Communication&amp;amp;rft.date=2015&amp;amp;rft.volume=32&amp;amp;rft.spage=22&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Soroka&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Stuart&amp;amp;rft.au=McAdams%2C+Stephen&amp;amp;rft.au=McAdams%2C+Stephen&amp;amp;rft.au=McAdams%2C+Stephen&amp;amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2Fdoi%3A10.1080%2F10584609.2014.881942&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-c747b652dece1b449118bee031aeff0e&quot;&gt;
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 <pubDate>Mon, 17 Jul 2023 16:42:22 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Leigha Smith</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">144418 at https://odft.nt2.ca</guid>
 <comments>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/institutional-victims-no-perpetrators-analyzing-discursive-trends-canadian-financial-news#comments</comments>
</item>
<item>
 <title>Trump et sa guerre des mots</title>
 <link>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/trump-et-sa-guerre-des-mots</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;img typeof=&quot;foaf:Image&quot; src=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/sites/odft.aegir.nt2.uqam.ca/files/styles/image_contenu_blogue/public/field/image/Image%20Trade%20war.png?itok=YyVuZPz1&quot; width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot; property=&quot;content:encoded&quot;&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Écrit par Marie-Eve McNicoll, étudiante à la maîtrise professionnelle en traduction, Université Concordia, Montréal&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Le 13 juin dernier, &lt;em&gt;The Guardian&lt;/em&gt; publiait un éditorial intitulé « &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jun/13/how-to-report-trump-media-manipulation-language&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Trump has turned words into weapons. And he’s winning the linguistic war&lt;/a&gt; », dans lequel les auteurs accusent la presse d’agir en tant qu’agence de marketing pour le président américain.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;L’article présente Donald Trump comme un vendeur qui cumule presque un demi-siècle d’expérience et qui, depuis le début de sa campagne présidentielle et son arrivée au pouvoir en 2017, s’acharne à se vendre lui-même, sa vision du monde et ses idées égocentristes au peuple américain et au reste du monde. Pour y arriver, il utilise la presse, sachant qu’elle ne saura résister à répéter ses déclarations outrageantes. Et peu importe qu’on soit pour ou contre Trump, répéter ses mots contribue à promouvoir ses idées.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;C’est donc ce que les auteurs reprochent à la presse, arguant que la répétition d’une idée – que celle-ci soit présentée de façon positive ou négative – ne contribue qu’à la renforcer et finit par changer notre façon de voir le monde. Les journalistes du &lt;em style=&quot;font-size: 13.008px;&quot;&gt;Guardian&lt;/em&gt; expliquent ce lien entre le langage et notre vision du monde en termes de « frame-circuits ». Comme l’explique &lt;a href=&quot;https://georgelakoff.com/2017/06/07/karen-handels-i-am-not-a-crook-moment-i-do-not-support-a-livable-wage/&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 13.008px;&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;George Lakoff&lt;/a&gt;, directeur du Center for the Neural Mind &amp;amp; Society de l’université de Californie à Berkeley, en s’appuyant sur les travaux de Charles Fillmore : « chaque mot est défini cognitivement (inconsciemment) en fonction d’un cadre conceptuel. Un cadre est une structure d’idées. Les idées sont transmises dans le cerveau par les circuits neuronaux. […] Chaque fois qu’un circuit neuronal est activé, ses synapses [les zones de contact entre deux neurones] se renforcent. » Il ajoute que « la négation d&#039;un mot fonctionne par l’inhibition neuronale, les neurotransmetteurs ayant pour effet d’affaiblir (sans toutefois éliminer) la force des synapses, mais le fait de mentionner le mot même négativement contrecarre l’effet neuronal de la négation. En fait, le mot active les circuits neuronaux du cadre conceptuel, ce qui vient renforcer les synapses et neutralise partiellement l’effet de la négation. »&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Ce principe est d’emblée simple à comprendre, mais ni les journalistes ni les rédacteurs en chef ne semblent s&#039;en soucier, à leur propre détriment. En effet, les auteurs du &lt;em style=&quot;font-size: 13.008px;&quot;&gt;Guardian&lt;/em&gt; avancent ceci : « By faithfully transmitting Trump’s words and ideas, the press helps him to attack, and thereby control, the press itself. » Ils poursuivent en nommant quelques-unes des techniques de manipulation du président américain, qu’il utilise comme des armes dans sa guerre linguistique, notamment :&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;les mots eux-mêmes : « fake news », « witch-hunt », « spygate »;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;les stéréotypes : il se sert de cas individuels très médiatisés qui encouragent le grand public à caractériser une classe entière en fonction de ces cas isolés;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;les hyperboles : des affirmations exagérées – positives pour ce qu’il appuie (« great », « terrific », « the best ») et négatives pour ce qui lui déplaît (« a disaster », « the worst ever »).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Les auteurs donnent ensuite un exemple d’une des hyperboles négatives que le président américain utilise pour désigner l’Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALENA) entre le Canada, le Mexique et les États-Unis : &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;« The worst trade deal ever » where « deals » are seen as zero-sum games that you either win or lose – and winning is the only good outcome. […] ‘Deal’ and ‘winning’ are not just words. They are central to his worldview. Those who win deserve to win; those who lose deserve to lose. [… W]ealth and power should be used to win – to acquire more wealth and power in all its ‘deals’ – even with our allies. Power includes the power to bully or punish &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;– for &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 14px;&quot;&gt;example, to impose tariffs or pull out of [a] treaty – or at least threaten if others don’t go along with him.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;À partir de cet exemple, il est pertinent d’examiner le comportement de la presse canadienne par rapport aux propos de Trump durant la période de renégociation de l’ALENA qui a eu lieu cet été. Cette renégociation, rappelons-nous, a été imposée par le président américain il y a un peu plus d’un an, car celui-ci jugeait l’accord « désastreux » (une autre hyperbole) pour l’économie américaine.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Les premières phrases du &lt;a href=&quot;http://international.gc.ca/trade-commerce/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/agr-acc/nafta-alena/fta-ale/preamble-preambule.aspx?lang=fra&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;préambule de l’ALENA&lt;/a&gt; sont utiles pour remettre en contexte les objectifs initiaux de l’accord :&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;Le Gouvernement du Canada, le Gouvernement des États-Unis d’Amérique et le Gouvernement des États-Unis du Mexique, ayant résolu&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;DE RENFORCER les liens privilégiés d’amitié et de coopération entre leurs nations,&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;DE CONTRIBUER au développement et à l’essor harmonieux du commerce mondial ainsi qu’à l’expansion de la coopération internationale […]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;On peut noter le ton positif dans le choix des mots: « liens privilégiés d’amitié et de coopération », « essor harmonieux », « coopération internationale » – autant de combinaisons lexicales qui encouragent une perception positive de cet accord commercial.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Ajoutons Trump avec ses mots et ses hyperboles et nous voici aux prises avec une « guerre commerciale » (« trade war »), à l&#039;issue de laquelle il y aura un gagnant et deux perdants, le Canada et le Mexique. « I am not happy with their requests. But I will tell you in the end we win, we will win and will win big », prononce-t-il en mai dernier.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Les six articles cités ci-dessous, tirés de la presse canadienne anglophone et francophone, et qui sont loin d’être les seuls exemples, illustrent bien comment Trump manipule la perception de la renégociation de l’ALENA avec l’aide de celle qu’il appelle « l’ennemie du peuple » : la presse. À force de répéter les propos du président américain, non seulement cette dernière fait sienne la métaphore conceptuelle LE COMMERCE EST LA GUERRE, mais aussi elle consolide l’idéologie de Trump, selon laquelle « la renégociation de l’ALENA est une guerre » en exploitant le champ lexical de la belligérance. À titre d&#039;exemples, voici des expressions relevées dans les articles. &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;« &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.ledevoir.com/opinion/chroniques/531483/m-trudeau-s-en-va-en-guerre&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;M. Trudeau s’en va en guerre&lt;/a&gt; », publié le 30 juin 2018 dans &lt;em&gt;Le Devoir&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;« à l’aube d’une guerre commerciale tous azimuts avec les États-Unis »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« les travailleurs canadiens qui seront appelés au front, dans un conflit qui risque de faire beaucoup de victimes »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« il doit se montrer résolu à faire la guerre contre les États-Unis »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;« &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2018/05/31/la-pire-guerre-commerciale-depuis-le-secondconflit-mondial&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;La pire guerre commerciale depuis le second conflit mondial&lt;/a&gt; », publié le 31 mai 2018 dans &lt;em&gt;Le Journal de Montréal&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;« il se fera justice pour “l’affront” »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« les pires représailles commerciales »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« une guerre commerciale en bonne et due forme »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« une riposte presque immédiate »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« les hostilités de part et d’autre »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;« &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/nafta-mexico-tariffs-1.4687094&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Future NAFTA talks face uphill battle as Mexico, Canada carry on tariffs&lt;/a&gt; », publié le 1er juin 2018 sur CBC.com.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;« both countries have hit back at the U.S. »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« bare-knuckled NAFTA renegotiation »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« pressure tactics »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« negotiate with a knife to your throat »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;« &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/article-globe-editorial-how-to-fight-trumps-trade-war-part-1/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Globe editorial: How to fight Trump’s trade war, Part 1&lt;/a&gt; », publié le 1er juillet 2018 dans &lt;em&gt;The Globe and Mail&lt;/em&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;« suffering small but meaningful casualties »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« retaliatory countermeasures with which Canada fired back »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« the more this fight escalates, the more the economic body count will mount »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« in a quarrel between two unequally sized adversaries »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« tariff-for-tariff punches »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« a war of economic attrition »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;« getting into a slugging match with Trump »&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Les auteurs de l’éditorial cités plus haut concluent leur texte avec quatre suggestions à l&#039;intention de leurs collègues journalistes :&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;comprendre la manière dont la propagande agit sur le cerveau&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;se concentrer sur le fait que la démocratie américaine est attaquée par une puissance étrangère, possiblement avec la collusion du président en exercice&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;arrêter le contrôle de Trump sur l’actualité&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li&gt;cesser de répéter les mensonges en présumant que les gens sauront automatiquement qu’il s’agit de mensonges, car un mensonge répété assez souvent devient la vérité.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Ce n’est pas la première fois qu’on remarque chez les journalistes un manque de critique quant au discours rapporté (voir l’&lt;a href=&quot;http://journals.sagepub.com/eprint/wQEp88kMYvMRNHA7XNYE/full&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;article&lt;/a&gt; de Pier-Pascale Boulanger et Chantal Gagnon publié dans la revue &lt;em&gt;International Journal of Business Communication&lt;/em&gt;). La presse américaine a lancé le mouvement EnemyofNone en août dernier en réponse à l’attaque constante du président américain contre les médias; des centaines de journaux américains ont simultanément publié des éditoriaux pour insister sur l’importance de la liberté de presse. Or, il nous semble qu’il y a une contradiction entre cette liberté et la reprise, voire le renforcement, de certaines métaphores conceptuelles, en l’occurrence LE COMMERCE EST LA GUERRE.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div&gt; &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-mots-cles-libres-blogue field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Mots-clés libres du blogue:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/analyse-du-discours&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;analyse du discours&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/%C3%A9conomie&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;économie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/journalisme&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;journalisme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/m%C3%A9taphore-conceptuelle&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;métaphore conceptuelle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
 <pubDate>Sat, 13 Oct 2018 18:45:07 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>Pier-Pascale Boulanger</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">144361 at https://odft.nt2.ca</guid>
 <comments>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/trump-et-sa-guerre-des-mots#comments</comments>
</item>
<item>
 <title>Que sont les &#039;fonctions stratégiques&#039; en analyse du discours?</title>
 <link>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/que-sont-les-fonctions-strat%C3%A9giques-en-analyse-du-discours</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;img typeof=&quot;foaf:Image&quot; src=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/sites/odft.aegir.nt2.uqam.ca/files/styles/image_contenu_blogue/public/field/image/mw00578_0.jpg?itok=yllCjjfu&quot; width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; alt=&quot;Chess players (1874-1880) par Anthony Rosenbaum. © National Portrait Gallery, London&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot; property=&quot;content:encoded&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;L’analyse du discours consiste à étudier les fonctions du langage plutôt que la structure interne de la langue. Bien que les philosophes grecs s’y soient intéressés dès l’Antiquité, l’intérêt pour ce domaine n’est revenu en force qu’au XIXe siècle lorsque les philologues, puis les linguistes, ont repris le flambeau. Aujourd’hui, l’analyse du discours est fortement ancrée dans l’interdisciplinarité et tend à adopter une approche critique. Norman Fairclough, Teun van Dijk et Ruth Wodak sont au nombre des chercheurs qui ont ancré l’&lt;em&gt;analyse critique du discours&lt;/em&gt; dans les sciences humaines et sociales.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans l’ouvrage de 1997 &lt;em&gt;Discourse as Social Interaction&lt;/em&gt; dirigé par van Dijk, Paul Chilton et Christina Schäffner proposent aux chercheurs une série de fonctions stratégiques comme outils d’analyse critique du discours. Aujourd’hui, nombreux sont les chercheurs qui font appel à ces fonctions stratégiques pour analyser des discours depuis les sciences politiques ou économiques, la sociologie, les études médiatiques et même la traductologie. Ce billet présente de façon concise la dernière mouture des fonctions stratégiques, proposée par Chilton et Schäffner en 2011, et illustre celles-ci à l’aide d’exemples tirés d’un quotidien québécois.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour Chilton et Schäffner, qui s’intéressent surtout au discours politique, les actes accomplis par l’intermédiaire du langage sont multiples et peuvent être interprétés de plusieurs façons. Pour pallier cette multiplicité, ces auteurs établissent des liens entre la question politique, les types de discours et les niveaux d’organisation du discours. Ils tissent ensuite des liens entre ceux-ci à l’aide d’un niveau intermédiaire qu’ils nomment &lt;em&gt;fonctions stratégiques&lt;/em&gt;, au nombre de trois. Pour ces auteurs, « grâce à la notion de fonctions stratégiques, les analystes de textes écrits et de discours oraux peuvent se concentrer sur les aspects qui contribuent au phénomène que les gens perçoivent intuitivement comme ‘politique’, plutôt que sur les autres fonctions comme la fonction informative, ludique, etc. » (Chilton et Schäffner 2011, 311, notre traduction). Ces fonctions sont, dans leur version originale anglaise : a) &lt;em&gt;Coercion&lt;/em&gt; et &lt;em&gt;Resistance&lt;/em&gt;; b) &lt;em&gt;Legitimization&lt;/em&gt; et &lt;em&gt;Delegitimization&lt;/em&gt;; c) &lt;em&gt;Representation&lt;/em&gt; et &lt;em&gt;Misrepresentation&lt;/em&gt;. Nous les avons traduits par : a) &lt;em&gt;coercition&lt;/em&gt; et &lt;em&gt;résistance&lt;/em&gt;; b) &lt;em&gt;légitimation&lt;/em&gt; et &lt;em&gt;délégitimation&lt;/em&gt;; c) &lt;em&gt;représentation&lt;/em&gt; et &lt;i&gt;mal-représentation.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;margin: 0px; line-height: 107%; font-family: &amp;quot;Calibri&amp;quot;,sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;see-footnote&quot; id=&quot;footnoteref1_3j7zw02&quot; title=&quot;Nous avons déjà proposé cette traduction avec C. Gagnon dans un article à venir intitulé « Le rapport à l’autre anglo-saxon à la Chambre des communes du Canada : entre résistance et légitimation ».&quot; href=&quot;#footnote1_3j7zw02&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;a) La fonction de &lt;em&gt;coercition&lt;/em&gt; et &lt;em&gt;résistance&lt;/em&gt; renvoie aux actes de langage qui peuvent entraîner des sanctions. Les exemples les plus évidents de coercition sont les lois et règlements, qui peuvent entraîner une intervention judiciaire comme une amende ou une incarcération. La coercition se présente aussi de façon plus subtile, par exemple lorsqu’une personne suggère fortement à une autre de faire quelque chose. Qui plus est, la coercition est parfois presque impossible à discerner. On pense entre autres à une personne forcée de répondre à une question du simple fait de s’être fait poser ladite question. Pour Chilton et Schäffner, le fait d’orienter le sujet d’une conversation est une autre forme de coercition. La résistance constitue le contrepoids de la coercition et elle est généralement exercée par ceux et celles qui s’opposent au pouvoir en place.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;b) La fonction de &lt;em&gt;légitimation&lt;/em&gt; et &lt;em&gt;délégitimation&lt;/em&gt; consiste, comme son nom l’indique, à faire appel à des formules qui viennent légitimer ou délégitimer des idées ou des façons de faire. Pour Chilton et Schäffner, la légitimation est liée à la coercition parce qu’elle vise à convaincre à l’aide d’arguments ou de preuves « irréfutables ». Il s’agit, par exemple, de faire valoir que telle pratique ou telle mesure est légitime parce que « les experts ont parlé », parce que « la population l’exige » ou tout simplement parce qu’il s’agit du « gros bon sens ». La délégitimation consiste à présenter négativement quelqu’un ou quelque chose en mettant l’accent sur des différences négatives et par la formulation d’accusations ou d’insultes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;c) La fonction de &lt;em&gt;représentation&lt;/em&gt; et &lt;em&gt;mal-représentation&lt;/em&gt; est liée à la manipulation de l’information. La représentation consiste à bien faire paraître une personne ou une chose en la présentant sous son meilleur jour ou en embellissant des faits à son égard. La mal-représentation consiste notamment à faire mal paraître une personne ou une chose par l’omission volontaire de certains renseignements. Il peut également s’agir de faire diversion en orientant le message vers des éléments précis plutôt que vers le propos dans son ensemble. Le mensonge constitue un cas extrême de mal-représentation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les fonctions stratégiques ne sont pas mutuellement exclusives : on peut facilement dénaturer les propos de quelqu’un en faisant appel à la coercition et à la délégitimation. Pour Chilton et Schäffner, d’ailleurs, ces fonctions ne sont pas définitives, peuvent faire l’objet de discussions et être adaptées en fonction de la recherche entreprise.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour illustrer les fonctions stratégiques, nous présentons ci-dessous quelques exemples tirés d’un billet publié sur le blogue de Léo-Paul Lauzon sur le site du &lt;em&gt;Journal de Montréal&lt;/em&gt;. Ce professeur au Département des sciences comptables de l’Université du Québec à Montréal est reconnu pour ses idées de gauche et son style direct, voire provocateur. Lauzon s’inscrit dans la lignée des intellectuels présents dans l’espace public qui engagent leur savoir afin de contribuer à l’équilibre des idées. La seule lecture des titres de quelques-uns de ses billets nous donne une idée de son style et de ses positions : « &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.journaldemontreal.com/2017/01/26/les-fourberies-fiscales-duniversitaires-enregimentes&quot;&gt;Les fourberies fiscales d’universitaires enrégimentés&lt;/a&gt; » (26 janvier 2017), « &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.journaldemontreal.com/2017/01/13/cours-commande-par-les-banques-au-secondaire-1-de-2&quot;&gt;Cours commandé par les banques au secondaire&lt;/a&gt; » (13 et 19 janvier 2017), « &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.journaldemontreal.com/2016/12/15/larnaque-de-la-dictature-bancaire-continue&quot;&gt;L’arnaque de la dictature bancaire continue&lt;/a&gt; » (15 décembre 2016). Nos exemples sont tirés de ce dernier.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pour résister à l’ordre établi, Lauzon pose aux lecteurs de nombreuses questions rhétoriques. La stratégie de résistance de Lauzon fait appel à la coercition telle que définie par Chilton et Schäffner. En effet, il oriente, voire dicte la réponse des lecteurs, qui ne peuvent que difficilement en venir à des conclusions qui sont autres que les siennes. Voici quelques exemples :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;a) Question : « Vous vous pensez libres de choisir la banque privée que vous voulez et qui vous offre les meilleurs prix? »&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 50px;&quot;&gt; Réponse implicite : non, vous ne l’êtes pas.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;b) Question : « Vous croyez peut-être naïvement que d’autres banques vont, elles, au contraire diminuer leurs taux d’intérêt ou les laisser tels quels? »&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 50px;&quot;&gt; Réponse implicite : non, les banques ne diminueront pas leurs taux d’intérêt.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;c) Question : « Où sont donc les élus afin de protéger les consommateurs contre ces bandits à cravate? »&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 50px;&quot;&gt; Réponse implicite : ils sont absents.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans le passage ci-dessous, Lauzon utilise une tactique de délégitimation, afin de déconstruire un argument de légitimation parfois utilisé dans le secteur financier :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;« Des fumistes n’ont de cesse de vous répéter dans les médias que le marché est un ordre naturel qui répond donc à des lois ‘naturelles’ […] »&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ici, Lauzon délégitimise clairement l’argument des « lois naturelles du marché » parce qu’il est mis de l’avant par des « fumistes », c’est-à-dire des gens qui manquent de sérieux, des amateurs, voire des bouffons. Qui plus est, l’auteur fait usage de guillemets ironiques pour mettre en doute le prétendu caractère naturel des lois du marché. Pour Lauzon, les lois du marché n’ont rien de naturel.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Enfin, dans l’exemple suivant, l’auteur dresse un portrait sombre du système juridique canadien, des hommes et femmes politiques ainsi que des banquiers en faisant un raccourci sur la façon dont les lois sont promulguées. En réalité, la promulgation des lois est un processus complexe auquel prennent part de nombreux acteurs, tous passés sous silence dans ce passage :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;« Ça fait que, dans les faits, ce sont les banquiers qui dictent les lois à promulguer à leurs pantins politiques au pouvoir […] »&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;L’universitaire en profite au passage pour délégitimer les politiciens en les qualifiant de « pantins ». Il utilise d’ailleurs de nombreux termes qui servent à délégitimer certains acteurs du monde des finances, notamment lorsqu’il qualifie le « monde bancaire canadien » de « cartel » et de « mafia », des termes connotés fort négativement, et le Mouvement Desjardins de « pseudo-coopérative ».&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Ainsi, les fonctions stratégiques constituent des outils d’analyse grâce auxquels il est possible d’examiner les moyens rhétoriques qui portent le propos général d’un texte. De cette façon, on fait ressortir ce que le lecteur ne perçoit pas nécessairement, mais qui est bien là pour l’influencer. Le texte que nous avons choisi pour illustrer les fonctions stratégiques est plutôt direct dans son propos; il constitue ainsi un bon exemple pour quiconque veut s’initier à l’analyse du discours par l’intermédiaire des fonctions stratégiques de Chilton et Schäffner.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;footnotes&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;footnote&quot; id=&quot;footnote1_3j7zw02&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote-label&quot; href=&quot;#footnoteref1_3j7zw02&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/a&gt; Nous avons déjà proposé cette traduction avec C. Gagnon dans un article à venir intitulé « Le rapport à l’autre anglo-saxon à la Chambre des communes du Canada : entre résistance et légitimation ».&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-mots-cles-libres-blogue field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Mots-clés libres du blogue:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/analyse-du-discours&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;analyse du discours&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/%C3%A9conomie&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;économie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/journalisme&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;journalisme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/fonction-strategique&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;fonction strategique&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-ref-biblio-test field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;node-144337&quot; class=&quot;node node-biblio node-teaser&quot; about=&quot;/biblio/discourse-and-politics&quot; typeof=&quot;sioc:Item foaf:Document&quot;&gt;

        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/discourse-and-politics&quot;&gt;Discourse and Politics &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=243&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chilton, Paul A&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=244&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Christina  Schäffner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/discourse-and-politics&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Discourse And Politics &lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. Dans &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Discourse As Social Interaction&lt;/span&gt;, 206-230. London: Sage, 1997.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Discourse+and+Politics+&amp;amp;rft.title=Discourse+as+Social+Interaction&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Discourse+as+Social+Interaction&amp;amp;rft.isbn=9780803978478&amp;amp;rft.date=1997&amp;amp;rft.spage=206&amp;amp;rft.epage=230&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Chilton&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;amp;rft.au=Sch%C3%A4ffner%2C+Christina&amp;amp;rft.au=Sch%C3%A4ffner%2C+Christina&amp;amp;rft.au=Sch%C3%A4ffner%2C+Christina&amp;amp;rft.pub=Sage&amp;amp;rft.place=London&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-81831f96f9343a0fb5b573801ce11966&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/discourse-and-politics-0&quot;&gt;Discourse and Politics&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=243&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chilton, Paul A&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=244&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Christina  Schäffner&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/discourse-and-politics-0&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Discourse And Politics&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. Dans &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction&lt;/span&gt;, 303-330. London: Sage, 2011.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Discourse+and+Politics&amp;amp;rft.title=Discourse+Studies%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Introduction&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Discourse+Studies%3A+A+Multidisciplinary+Introduction&amp;amp;rft.date=2011&amp;amp;rft.spage=303&amp;amp;rft.epage=330&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Chilton&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;amp;rft.au=Sch%C3%A4ffner%2C+Christina&amp;amp;rft.au=Sch%C3%A4ffner%2C+Christina&amp;amp;rft.au=Sch%C3%A4ffner%2C+Christina&amp;amp;rft.pub=Sage&amp;amp;rft.place=London&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-0a15f78d851a3d92e9512591777801b5&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/language-and-power&quot;&gt;Language and Power&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=40&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fairclough, Norman&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/language-and-power&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Language And Power&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. 3ᵉ éd. London/NewYork: Routledge, 2015.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Language+and+Power&amp;amp;rft.isbn=978-1-13-879097-1&amp;amp;rft.date=2015&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Fairclough&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Norman&amp;amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;amp;rft.place=London%2FNewYork&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-423ead6a3b18c9f602e44c28cad47223&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;div class=&quot;views-field views-field-title&quot;&gt;        &lt;span class=&quot;field-content&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/blogue/desjardins-et-les-jeunes-copains-copains-0&quot;&gt;Desjardins et les jeunes : copains-copains?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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 <pubDate>Fri, 21 Apr 2017 23:38:33 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>chantal.gagnon.4@umontreal.ca</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">144340 at https://odft.nt2.ca</guid>
 <comments>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/que-sont-les-fonctions-strat%C3%A9giques-en-analyse-du-discours#comments</comments>
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 <title>Métaphoriser la crise: épidémie, accident, catastrophe, cataclysme</title>
 <link>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/m%C3%A9taphoriser-la-crise-%C3%A9pid%C3%A9mie-accident-catastrophe-cataclysme</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;img typeof=&quot;foaf:Image&quot; src=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/sites/odft.aegir.nt2.uqam.ca/files/styles/image_contenu_blogue/public/field/image/wizard-of-oz.jpg?itok=FrTFZE36&quot; width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot; property=&quot;content:encoded&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Récemment publié dans la revue de traductologie &lt;em&gt;Meta&lt;/em&gt;, l’article &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/meta/2016-v61-meta02902/1038690ar/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;« Quand les médias traduisent la crise : les métaphores utilisées par la presse généraliste pendant la crise des subprimes »&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;see-footnote&quot; id=&quot;footnoteref1_jeitmow&quot; title=&quot;Pier-Pascale Boulanger, « Quand les médias traduisent la crise : les métaphores utilisées par la presse généraliste pendant la crise des subprimes », Meta, vol. 61, numéro hors série : « Sciences en traduction », 2016.&quot; href=&quot;#footnote1_jeitmow&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt; de Pier-Pascale Boulanger permet de comprendre l’usage des métaphores par les journalistes lors de la crise des &lt;em&gt;subprimes &lt;/em&gt;de 2007-2008&lt;a class=&quot;see-footnote&quot; id=&quot;footnoteref2_z6t1rs8&quot; title=&quot;Le terme subprime ou subprime loan est, rappelle l’auteure, « [t]raduit le plus souvent par prêt hypothécaire à risque ou prêt hypothécaire à haut risque » (152). L’auteure explique : « L’adjectif subprime qualifie le taux dont ce type de prêt hypothécaire est assorti et qui a la caractéristique d’être majoré par la banque afin de couvrir le risque de défaut de paiement. » (ibid.)&quot; href=&quot;#footnote2_z6t1rs8&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;. Alors que plusieurs analyses de cet épisode de crise se sont intéressées à la présence ou non dans les journaux spécialisés de signaux indiquant son imminence, Boulanger s’intéresse ici plutôt aux représentations langagières de cette même crise dans le discours journalistique grand public. Son hypothèse de départ est à l’effet que « l’étude des métaphores permet[] de découvrir les concepts à partir desquels certaines questions politiques et économiques sont cadrées et motivées » (146). Les métaphores utilisées par les journalistes servent essentiellement à faciliter la compréhension pour le public d’éléments techniques laborieux à expliquer : « La vulgarisation motive l’invention de métaphores, notamment par l’usage de comparaisons elliptiques, qui ont la vertu de donner en peu de mots une idée générale d’un concept abstrait. » (150). À partir de l’analyse des métaphores utilisées par les journalistes financiers dans quatre grands journaux (&lt;em&gt;Toronto Star&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;The Globe and Mail&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;La Presse&lt;/em&gt; et &lt;em&gt;Le Devoir&lt;/em&gt;), dans l’année 2007 (un corpus de 108 500 mots anglais et de 186 500 mots français), l’auteure s’est intéressée à quatre grands réseaux signifiants : l’épidémie, l’accident, la catastrophe et le cataclysme.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Les résultats de l’auteure (155, tableau 2) permettent de constater que la proportion de métaphores liées à l’épidémie est quasiment équivalente entre les journaux francophones et anglophones. Le nombre de métaphores relatives à la catastrophe est également assez semblable (les journalistes anglophones les utilisent une fois et demie plus). Pour l’accident et le cataclysme, par contre, une grande différence se fait voir : les journalistes anglophones utilisent quatre fois plus le concept métaphorique de l’accident alors que les journalistes francophones, de leur côté, utilisent trois fois plus le concept métaphorique du cataclysme. Boulanger en conclut que l’usage de ces métaphores participe à un « grand paradigme : l’impondérable » (156) :&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;Les catastrophes, les cataclysmes et les accidents ont ceci en commun qu’ils sont imprévisibles. Par transfert métaphorique, la crise est imprévisible. Loin d’être banal, le rapprochement implique un enjeu politique de taille. La croyance en l’imprévisibilité des crises financières conforte la perspective néolibérale de l’économie, qui défend le statu quo des marchés libres et peu réglementés. Étant donné qu’il y a des honoraires considérables à gagner sur le marché des créances titrisées, dont le commerce se fait de gré à gré et n’est pas assujetti aux obligations d’information comme l’est le marché boursier, rien ne motive ceux qui s’y enrichissent à le voir réglementé par l’État. Le consensus autour de l’idée selon laquelle personne n’a vu venir ni n’aurait pu prévenir la crise convient donc stratégiquement aux parties prenantes, qui gagnent à discréditer tout effort réglementaire afin de préserver leurs intérêts (&lt;em&gt;ibid&lt;/em&gt;.).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;De ce constat, l’auteure infère deux conséquences : l’image de l’impondérable masque les véritables agents de la crise et, de manière corollaire, invisibilise les vraies victimes de la crise (« les personnes physiques dépossédées de leur bien immobilier, de leur fonds de retraite et de leur emploi », &lt;em&gt;ibid&lt;/em&gt;.). Pour l’auteure, l’usage des métaphores par les journalistes sert ainsi certains intérêts du milieu financier, aux dépens de ceux de leur lectorat.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;On peut conclure, comme Boulanger le fait elle-même, que l’objectif de cet article est non seulement de présenter l’usage des métaphores en temps de crise, mais également de briser cette « censure structurale » résultant de l’usage d’un technolecte particulier (Bourdieu 2001). La formation des futurs traducteurs dans le domaine de l’économie et de la finance devrait ainsi prendre en compte ces formules métaphoriques faciles afin qu’ils adoptent des attitudes plus critiques devant le discours journalistique. Cependant, il faudrait aussi se demander s’il y a d’autres options à l’usage des métaphores : s’agit-il d’en trouver de plus fidèles, de les éviter entièrement, de développer un langage plus « neutre »? Une langue financière sans métaphore est-elle possible? L’auteure apporte néanmoins une contribution importante à l’étude des métaphores dans le discours journalistique contemporain. À cet égard, Boulanger en appelle à une étude sur le terme « victime » qui, partout présent, désigne rarement celles et ceux qui ont le plus souffert lors de cette crise.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;footnotes&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;footnote&quot; id=&quot;footnote1_jeitmow&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote-label&quot; href=&quot;#footnoteref1_jeitmow&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/a&gt; Pier-Pascale Boulanger, « Quand les médias traduisent la crise : les métaphores utilisées par la presse généraliste pendant la crise des subprimes », &lt;em&gt;Meta&lt;/em&gt;, vol. 61, numéro hors série : « Sciences en traduction », 2016.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;footnote&quot; id=&quot;footnote2_z6t1rs8&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote-label&quot; href=&quot;#footnoteref2_z6t1rs8&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/a&gt; Le terme &lt;em&gt;subprime&lt;/em&gt; ou &lt;em&gt;subprime loan&lt;/em&gt; est, rappelle l’auteure, « [t]raduit le plus souvent par &lt;em&gt;prêt hypothécaire à risque ou prêt hypothécaire à haut risque&lt;/em&gt; » (152). L’auteure explique : « L’adjectif &lt;u&gt;subprime&lt;/u&gt; qualifie le taux dont ce type de prêt hypothécaire est assorti et qui a la caractéristique d’être majoré par la banque afin de couvrir le risque de défaut de paiement. » (&lt;em&gt;ibid.&lt;/em&gt;)&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-mots-cles-libres-blogue field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Mots-clés libres du blogue:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/accident&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;accident&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/cataclysme&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;cataclysme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/catastrophe&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;catastrophe&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/crise&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;crise&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/%C3%A9pid%C3%A9mie&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;épidémie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/journalisme&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;journalisme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/m%C3%A9taphore&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;métaphore&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/traduction&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;traduction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-ref-biblio-test field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;node-144309&quot; class=&quot;node node-biblio node-teaser&quot; about=&quot;/biblio/quand-les-m%C3%A9dias-traduisent-la-crise-les-m%C3%A9taphores-utilis%C3%A9es-par-la-presse-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raliste&quot; typeof=&quot;sioc:Item foaf:Document&quot;&gt;

        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/quand-les-m%C3%A9dias-traduisent-la-crise-les-m%C3%A9taphores-utilis%C3%A9es-par-la-presse-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raliste&quot;&gt;Quand les médias traduisent la crise: les métaphores utilisées par la presse généraliste pendant la crise des subprimes&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=100&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot; class=&quot;biblio-local-author&quot;&gt;Boulanger, Pier-Pascale&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/quand-les-m%C3%A9dias-traduisent-la-crise-les-m%C3%A9taphores-utilis%C3%A9es-par-la-presse-g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raliste&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Quand Les Médias Traduisent La Crise: Les Métaphores Utilisées Par La Presse Généraliste Pendant La Crise Des Subprimes&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Meta: Journal Des Traducteurs/meta:translators’ Journal&lt;/span&gt; 61, no hors série (2016), 144-162.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Quand+les+m%C3%A9dias+traduisent+la+crise%3A+les+m%C3%A9taphores+utilis%C3%A9es+par+la+presse+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9raliste+pendant+la+crise+des+subprimes&amp;amp;rft.title=Meta%3A+Journal+des+traducteurs%2FMeta%3ATranslators%E2%80%99+Journal&amp;amp;rft.date=2016&amp;amp;rft.volume=61&amp;amp;rft.issue=hors+s%C3%A9rie&amp;amp;rft.spage=144&amp;amp;rft.epage=162&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Boulanger&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Pier-Pascale&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-cbd49c47497f0ee03887e41633e0d170&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;node-144057&quot; class=&quot;node node-biblio node-teaser&quot; about=&quot;/biblio/langage-et-pouvoir-symbolique&quot; typeof=&quot;sioc:Item foaf:Document&quot;&gt;

        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/langage-et-pouvoir-symbolique&quot;&gt;Langage et pouvoir symbolique&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=15&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bourdieu, Pierre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/langage-et-pouvoir-symbolique&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Langage Et Pouvoir Symbolique&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Paris: Seuil, 2001.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Langage+et+pouvoir+symbolique&amp;amp;rft.date=2001&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Bourdieu&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Pierre&amp;amp;rft.pub=Seuil&amp;amp;rft.place=Paris&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-105c2e1da761e1c1a29c83f72921ba82&quot;&gt;
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 <pubDate>Tue, 11 Apr 2017 17:23:19 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>René Lemieux</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">144335 at https://odft.nt2.ca</guid>
 <comments>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/m%C3%A9taphoriser-la-crise-%C3%A9pid%C3%A9mie-accident-catastrophe-cataclysme#comments</comments>
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 <title>News Translation and Biocultural Diversity</title>
 <link>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/news-translation-and-biocultural-diversity</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;img typeof=&quot;foaf:Image&quot; src=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/sites/odft.aegir.nt2.uqam.ca/files/styles/image_contenu_blogue/public/field/image/rouleau-compresseur.jpg?itok=KlO_N5qo&quot; width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot; property=&quot;content:encoded&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;In &lt;a href=&quot;http://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/frames-war-news-translation-butler-and-valde%C3%B3n&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;my last post&lt;/a&gt;, I’d begun to think about the potential ethical and political role that translation could play with respect to how warfare and armed conflict is framed in the news. Drawing from Judith Butler’s work, I’d examined how the work of Roberto A. Valdeón gives us a better understanding of how the frames of war maintain their reiteration through news translation. Most translators of news articles do not in fact see themselves as translators, as Valdeón convincingly shows through rigorous data and interviews, and this contributes to the further marginalization and invisibility of translation in, as he perhaps unwittingly borrows from Levinas and Blanchot, the domain of the anonymous and impersonal.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;If news translation operates in reiterating the frames of war so that human (and other) lives are increasingly seem as ungrievable, as is Butler’s argument, the same can be said for the lives of languages and cultures. This is because framing not only serves to maintain the justifiability of warfare, but the entirety of the Western (particularly American) military-industrial complex, and thus the justifiability of neoliberal economic policies. Valdeón’s thesis is that the framing that occurs in news translation participates in the construction of a world “according to Anglophone norms, interests and, most likely, ideological agendas.” (Valdeón 2008, p. 323)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In my doctoral dissertation, I’d tried to tackle what ecolinguists and other theorists call the question of biocultural diversity; “the diversity of life in all its manifestations – biological, cultural, and linguistic – which are interrelated within a complex socio-ecological adaptive system.” (Maffi, 2005) The most widely cited study from 1992 (Krauss) estimates the loss of 90% of the world’s languages by the year 2100, with more recent studies placing the figure a bit more optimistically at 50%. But as most of these languages are spoken by a very small number of people, their loss entails the loss of an entire culture. As a report jointly released by UNESCO (The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), the WWF (The World Wide Fund for Nature) and Terralingua, an organization committed to biocultural diversity puts it, “languages have been called ‘the DNA of cultures’ – they have encoded the cultural knowledge that people have inherited from their ancestors, and each generation continues to add to this heritage.” (Skutnabb-Kangas, Maffi &amp;amp; Harmon, 2003) With respect to translation, Michael Cronin has importantly written that “the issue of translation and minority languages is not a peripheral concern for beleaguered fans of exotic peoples gabbling in incomprehensible tongues, but the single most important issue in translation studies today.” (Cronin 2003, 144) Cronin is one of the few people working in translation studies to champion “the contribution of translation to genuine biocultural diversity on the planet.” (&lt;em&gt;Ibid&lt;/em&gt;., 4) So where does news translation fit in here?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Along with a study of the news events selected to be translated from BBCWorld into Spanish on the network BBCMundo, Valdeón suggests that&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;the selection of the information included in those reports contributes to create a certain perspective of the world, which is projected onto the target audience. This image accentuates an ethnocentric view of the world whereby Anglophone news is given prominence at the expense of more international items. (Valdeón 2008, 303)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Two examples can serve to illustrate Valdeón’s point; the news event of a terror alert at Ibiza’s airport, and another concerning the planting of bombs by the Basque separatist group ETA; both appear in BBCWorld, and yet were not deemed of sufficient interest for Spanish-language readers. In their selection of what news events to translate, he writes, “text producers are already participating in projecting a certain view of the world whereby Anglophone issues, however irrelevant or laughable… are regarded as crucial and, consequently, placed at the heart of the news portal.” (Valdeón 2008, 320) In other words, the frame that is being set up here could clearly be seen to contribute to a feeling of a certain inferiority of one’s culture and interests over another.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A key reason behind this may be a certain shift in the understanding of the role of the news in what Valdeón calls the information society. Valdeón’s thesis echoes Guy Debord’s famous theses in &lt;em&gt;The Society of the Spectacle&lt;/em&gt;. As the latter argues, “the spectacle is not a collection of images; it is a social relation between people mediated by images.” (Debord, 2004, 7) The commodification of the news, as Debord might put it, works towards the disintegration of all community and critical awareness (Debord 2004, 14); towards the stage at which “the commodity has succeeded in totally colonizing social life. Commodification is not only visible, we no longer see anything else; the world we see is the world of the commodity.” (&lt;em&gt;Ibid&lt;/em&gt;., 21) We see Adorno and Horkheimer argue something similar in &lt;em&gt;The Dialectic of Enlightenment&lt;/em&gt; in their chapter “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception.” As they put it, the notion of amusement itself “ha[s] been taken over from above and brought fully up to date” by the culture industry. (Adorno &amp;amp; Horkheimer 2002, 107) For Valdeón, news is today understood mostly as a matter of entertainment; individuals seek information for pleasure (whether in gossip columns, celebrity news, or sports sections), information that is forgotten soon after. Information and translation, Valdeón argues, become mutually interdependent in a globalized, cosmopolitan and consumerist world economy. English thus becomes the Lingua Franca, the key currency of the language of information. As such, “in this brave new world, where information and entertainment have become almost indistinguishable, translation becomes a commodity itself, albeit an invisible one, much more so than in the past.” (Valdeón 2010, 155)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;We are beginning here to have a better idea of the interplay between the devaluation of other languages and cultures, the championing of Anglo-American interests and norms, particularly as concerns entertainment and popular culture, and the acceptance of more sinister military ideologies and neoliberal economic policies. Nowhere can a military-industrial agenda be better served than when news and entertainment become indistinguishable. This is particularly the case when informative texts take on a persuasive function. “In some of these texts, the latter will prevail as information is presented in such a manner that it also intends to allure the reader to the product.” (Valdeón 2009, 77) Informative texts such as tourist brochures, Valdeón writes, interact with their readers, and consequently deal with “the translation of information, rather than with the translation of texts (as defended in Venuti 1995, 18) and, very often, with what could be described as &lt;em&gt;product translation&lt;/em&gt;. Corporations and institutions are interested in communicating effective messages that may result in product consumption or in habit formation.” (Valdéon 2009, 79) As Donna Haraway’s &lt;em&gt;Cyborg Manifesto&lt;/em&gt; notes, global capitalism, in an important sense, requires unencumbered, universal translation. And, as Valdeón notes, informative texts differ from other kinds of texts, such as literary works, in that the former are commissioned from the source culture, not the target one. (&lt;em&gt;Ibid&lt;/em&gt;., 79) Ironically, the more translation becomes a commodity in facilitating the championing of Anglo-American issues and political positions, neoliberal economic ideologies, and the mass consumerism of American material and cultural products, the more it erases its mediating role. Conversely, rethinking the role translation can play in biocultural sustainability, in fostering an appreciation for minority languages, alternate economies, and local cultures necessitates rethinking the interruptions and resistances can pose to dominant paradigms. And these will only be possible if we situate the visibility of translation otherwise, perhaps from the very periphery of the anonymous and impersonal.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-mots-cles-libres-blogue field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Mots-clés libres du blogue:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/biodiversit%C3%A9&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;biodiversité&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/guerre&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;guerre&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/journalisme&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;journalisme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/n%C3%A9olib%C3%A9ralisme&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;néolibéralisme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/traduction&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;traduction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-ref-biblio-test field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;node-144300&quot; class=&quot;node node-biblio node-teaser&quot; about=&quot;/biblio/dialectic-enlightenment-philosophical-fragments&quot; typeof=&quot;sioc:Item foaf:Document&quot;&gt;

        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/dialectic-enlightenment-philosophical-fragments&quot;&gt;Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=219&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Adorno, Theodor W&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=220&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Max  Horkheimer&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/dialectic-enlightenment-philosophical-fragments&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Dialectic Of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=221&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Edmund  Jephcott&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Dialectic+of+Enlightenment%3A+Philosophical+Fragments&amp;amp;rft.date=2002&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Adorno&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Theodor&amp;amp;rft.au=Horkheimer%2C+Max&amp;amp;rft.au=Horkheimer%2C+Max&amp;amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&amp;amp;rft.place=Stanford&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-3e2d19143e62843fda3b1e82603bb01c&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;div class=&quot;views-field views-field-title&quot;&gt;        &lt;span class=&quot;field-content&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/blogue/news-translation-and-biocultural-diversity&quot;&gt;News Translation and Biocultural Diversity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/frames-war-when-life-grievable&quot;&gt;Frames of War: When is Life Grievable?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Butler, Judith&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/frames-war-when-life-grievable&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Frames Of War: When Is Life Grievable?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. London &amp; New York: Verso, 2010.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Frames+of+War%3A+When+is+Life+Grievable%3F&amp;amp;rft.date=2010&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Butler&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Judith&amp;amp;rft.pub=Verso&amp;amp;rft.place=London+%26amp%3B+New+York&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-e3534ff5642197992d90d17d7e571bce&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translation-and-globalization&quot;&gt;Translation and Globalization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=174&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cronin, Michael&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translation-and-globalization&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Translation And Globalization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. London: Routledge, 2003.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Translation+and+Globalization&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Cronin&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;amp;rft.place=London&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-e3abbc0f54970dd3dc50d5641348106c&quot;&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;node-144301&quot; class=&quot;node node-biblio node-teaser&quot; about=&quot;/biblio/society-spectacle&quot; typeof=&quot;sioc:Item foaf:Document&quot;&gt;

        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/society-spectacle&quot;&gt;Society of the Spectacle&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=185&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Debord, Guy&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/society-spectacle&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Society Of The Spectacle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=222&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Ken  Knabb&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. London: Rebel Press, 2004.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Society+of+the+Spectacle&amp;amp;rft.date=2004&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Debord&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Guy&amp;amp;rft.pub=Rebel+Press&amp;amp;rft.place=London&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-b2670b3e7ce2413334608374d34d39e9&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/simians-cyborgs-and-women-reinvention-nature&quot;&gt;Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=223&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Haraway, Donna J&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/simians-cyborgs-and-women-reinvention-nature&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Simians, Cyborgs, And Women: The Reinvention Of Nature &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. London: Routledge, 1991.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Simians%2C+Cyborgs%2C+and+Women%3A+The+Reinvention+of+Nature+&amp;amp;rft.date=1991&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Haraway&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Donna&amp;amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;amp;rft.place=London&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-8690addf6d4ae2d1a6c05c8a440acc79&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/world%E2%80%99s-languages-crisis&quot;&gt;The world’s languages in crisis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=224&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Krauss, Michael&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/world%E2%80%99s-languages-crisis&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;The World’S Languages In Crisis&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Language&lt;/span&gt; 68, no 1 (1992), 4-10.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+world%E2%80%99s+languages+in+crisis&amp;amp;rft.title=Language&amp;amp;rft.date=1992&amp;amp;rft.volume=68&amp;amp;rft.issue=1&amp;amp;rft.spage=4&amp;amp;rft.epage=10&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Krauss&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-0c60134486f0c82f20fad90d8d96076d&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/linguistic-cultural-and-biological-diversity&quot;&gt;Linguistic, Cultural, and Biological Diversity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=225&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Maffi, Luisa&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/linguistic-cultural-and-biological-diversity&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Linguistic, Cultural, And Biological Diversity&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Annual Review Of Anthropology&lt;/span&gt;, no 34 no 34 (2005).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Linguistic%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Biological+Diversity&amp;amp;rft.title=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&amp;amp;rft.date=2005&amp;amp;rft.issue=34&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Maffi&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Luisa&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-309a959d6ace3e1b180e93404bb3324c&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/sharing-world-difference-earth%E2%80%99s-linguistic-cultural-and-biological-diversity&quot;&gt;Sharing a World of Difference: The Earth’s Linguistic, Cultural and Biological Diversity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=226&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=225&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Luisa  Maffi&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=227&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;David  Harmon&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/sharing-world-difference-earth%E2%80%99s-linguistic-cultural-and-biological-diversity&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Sharing A World Of Difference: The Earth’S Linguistic, Cultural And Biological Diversity&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. Paris: UNESCO, 2003.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Sharing+a+World+of+Difference%3A+The+Earth%E2%80%99s+Linguistic%2C+Cultural+and+Biological+Diversity&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Skutnabb-Kangas&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Tove&amp;amp;rft.au=Maffi%2C+Luisa&amp;amp;rft.au=Harmon%2C+David&amp;amp;rft.au=Harmon%2C+David&amp;amp;rft.pub=UNESCO&amp;amp;rft.place=Paris&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-e9663d06daa9a7c6ce6c02284f844f57&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/anomalous-news-translation&quot;&gt;Anomalous news translation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=92&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Valdeón, Roberto A&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/anomalous-news-translation&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Anomalous News Translation&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Babel&lt;/span&gt; 54, no 4 (2008), 299-326.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Anomalous+news+translation&amp;amp;rft.title=Babel&amp;amp;rft.date=2008&amp;amp;rft.volume=54&amp;amp;rft.issue=4&amp;amp;rft.spage=299&amp;amp;rft.epage=326&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Valde%C3%B3n&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-aadfc123ff551456172e9c2dc722f7b2&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;div class=&quot;views-field views-field-title&quot;&gt;        &lt;span class=&quot;field-content&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/blogue/news-translation-and-biocultural-diversity&quot;&gt;News Translation and Biocultural Diversity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translating-informative-and-persuasive-texts&quot;&gt;Translating Informative and Persuasive Texts&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=92&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Valdeón, Roberto A&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translating-informative-and-persuasive-texts&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Translating Informative And Persuasive Texts&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Perspectives&lt;/span&gt; 17, no 2 (2009).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Translating+Informative+and+Persuasive+Texts&amp;amp;rft.title=Perspectives&amp;amp;rft.date=2009&amp;amp;rft.volume=17&amp;amp;rft.issue=2&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Valde%C3%B3n&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-91d0f453e8519e27b596236a14451670&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translation-informational-society&quot;&gt;Translation in the informational society&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=92&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Valdeón, Roberto A&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translation-informational-society&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Translation In The Informational Society&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Across Languages And Cultures&lt;/span&gt; 11, no 2 (2010), 149-160.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Translation+in+the+informational+society&amp;amp;rft.title=Across+Languages+and+Cultures&amp;amp;rft.date=2010&amp;amp;rft.volume=11&amp;amp;rft.issue=2&amp;amp;rft.spage=149&amp;amp;rft.epage=160&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Valde%C3%B3n&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-883c1b9dbaab33f7f73cb550da596e81&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translator%E2%80%99s-invisibility&quot;&gt;The Translator’s Invisibility &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=228&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Venuti, Lawrence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translator%E2%80%99s-invisibility&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;The Translator’S Invisibility &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. London: Routledge, 1995.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=The+Translator%E2%80%99s+Invisibility+&amp;amp;rft.date=1995&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Venuti&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Lawrence&amp;amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;amp;rft.place=London&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-613b79f537f697c0d18fc63ce83e930b&quot;&gt;
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 <pubDate>Mon, 07 Nov 2016 16:12:09 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>René Lemieux</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">144308 at https://odft.nt2.ca</guid>
 <comments>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/news-translation-and-biocultural-diversity#comments</comments>
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 <title>Translation Channel in News Gatekeeping Process </title>
 <link>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/translation-channel-news-gatekeeping-process</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;img typeof=&quot;foaf:Image&quot; src=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/sites/odft.aegir.nt2.uqam.ca/files/styles/image_contenu_blogue/public/field/image/Gatekeeping_Image.jpg?itok=_ivJ2nGg&quot; width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot; property=&quot;content:encoded&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The gatekeeping metaphor was originally introduced by the German-American social psychologist Kurt Lewin in 1947. The key concepts in Lewin’s theory which primarily focuses on changing the food habits of a population are channel, gate, gatekeeper and force. For Lewin (1947, 144-145), the food moves through some channels in order to reach the family table, and there are certain areas (i.e. gates) within channels where decisions on what to select and what to discard are continuously made by individual gatekeepers. The process of gatekeeping is also governed by some forces which determine whether or not an item can move into and through the channel. Lewin says that the same gatekeeping process holds true for producing news in news organizations. This analogy made in passing is in fact the original transfer of gatekeeping theory to mass communications and journalism research. In 1950, David Manning White who worked as Lewin’s research assistant at the University of Iowa applied gatekeeping theory to research on mass communications. His article “The Gatekeepers: A Case Study in the Selection of News” later motivated other scholars (e.g., Bass 1969; McNelly 1959; Westley and MacLean 1957; Gieber 1956) to write on the topic.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Lewin’s concept of force is probably the most complex concept in his theory. In the early studies on news gatekeeping process, several factors are considered as forces behind the decisions made by individual gatekeepers. For instance, White (1950) views personal subjectivity as the force governing the gatekeeping process; or, Gieber (1956) considers institutions and their routines as influential factors. In this respect, a more holistic view is offered by Shoemaker (1991, 75) who asserts that whereas the decision to select, discard and shape the news message in a particular way can be influenced by the gatekeepers’ personal values, individual gatekeepers are not totally autonomous in the process of decision making. In fact, they work within the constraints of communication routines of organizations which are themselves influenced by forces from outside of the organization. He also adds that, “none of these actors – the individual, the routine, the organization, or the social institution – can escape the fact that it is tied to and draws its sustenance from the social system” (Shoemaker 1991, 75).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;According to Shoemaker et al. (2001, 234; see also Shoemaker and Reese 1996), studying gatekeeping in communication context can be done on five levels of analysis, i.e. individuals, routines of communication work, organizational characteristics, social institutions, and societies. The factors mentioned by Shoemaker et al. (2001) are in fact the forces influencing the process of news gatekeeping. It should be noted, however, that these factors are not of equal influential power. Whereas individual subjectivity may have the minimum impact, socio-political systems can be said to have the maximum influence on the gatekeepers’ decisions.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In addition to mass communications and journalism, Lewin’s gatekeeping theory has been applied to research in other disciplines, such as management and information science (Barzilai‐Nahon 2008). In translation studies, the gatekeeping metaphor has been widely used in the study of news translation (e.g., Valdeón 2014; Cheesman and Nohl 2011; Fujii 1988). The relevance of gatekeeping theory to the study of news translation is due to the role that translation plays in international news gatekeeping process. This role has been acknowledged by Bass (1969) who proposes a two-segment news processing model.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;!--copyright=21--&gt;&lt;!--END copyright=21--&gt;&lt;p&gt;Figure 1: Double-Action Internal News Flow (Bass 1969)&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;In this model, the process of news flow is divided into two segments, i.e. news gathering and news processing. At the stage of news gathering, a news copy is produced and then transmitted across the news room or across the world to the news processors whose task is to edit, translate and modify the news copy for local needs on the basis of certain policies (Bass 1969, 72). As can be inferred from the model, translation is a part of news processing action and translators can be considered as individual gatekeepers whose decisions influence the final news product.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In the study of news translation, it could be said that gatekeeping theory has not been used to its full potential. The process of translation in global news organizations can be better described by employing the fundamental concepts of Lewin’s gatekeeping theory (i.e. channel, gate, etc.). In fact, translation is a channel through which information reaches audiences in different linguistic communities. The selection of a particular message for translation and the transformation of the message in particular ways are carried out at the gate sections of the translation channel, which are controlled by ideological forces. Also, Lewin’s idea that “changing the food habits of a family is equivalent to changing the food that moves through [the] channel” (1947, 144) is useful for describing the significance of the role that translation plays in controlling the flow of information. Shaping the worldview of a society can be said to be equivalent to shaping the information that its members receive every day, and translation is the main channel of shaping information in the course of foreign-language news text production.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;In my Ph.D. thesis – &lt;em&gt;Describing Translations of Political News Texts (in progress)&lt;/em&gt; – I draw on Lewin’s gatekeeping theory, among other theoretical tools, to deal with the conceptual problems of research on news translation. Applying more thoroughly the gatekeeping theory to the study of news translation could contribute to a better conceptualization of the translation process in news organizations. It could also accentuate the role of translation in directing the public perception of social, political and economic realities.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-mots-cles-libres-blogue field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Mots-clés libres du blogue:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/gatekeeping&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;gatekeeping&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/journalisme&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;journalisme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/traduction&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;traduction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-ref-biblio-test field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;node-144286&quot; class=&quot;node node-biblio node-teaser&quot; about=&quot;/biblio/toward-theory-network-gatekeeping-framework-exploring-information-control&quot; typeof=&quot;sioc:Item foaf:Document&quot;&gt;

        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/toward-theory-network-gatekeeping-framework-exploring-information-control&quot;&gt;Toward a theory of network gatekeeping: A framework for exploring information control&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=202&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Barzilai‐Nahon, Karine&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/toward-theory-network-gatekeeping-framework-exploring-information-control&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Toward A Theory Of Network Gatekeeping: A Framework For Exploring Information Control&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Journal Of The American Society For Information Science And Technology&lt;/span&gt; 59, no 9 (2008), 1493-1512.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Toward+a+theory+of+network+gatekeeping%3A+A+framework+for+exploring+information+control&amp;amp;rft.title=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Information+Science+and+Technology&amp;amp;rft.date=2008&amp;amp;rft.volume=59&amp;amp;rft.issue=9&amp;amp;rft.spage=1493&amp;amp;rft.epage=1512&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Barzilai%E2%80%90Nahon&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Karine&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-c16c8b870afd2e4c771871765be112ff&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;div class=&quot;views-field views-field-title&quot;&gt;        &lt;span class=&quot;field-content&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/blogue/translation-channel-news-gatekeeping-process&quot;&gt;Translation Channel in News Gatekeeping Process &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/refining-%E2%80%9Cgatekeeper%E2%80%9D-concept-un-radio-case-study&quot;&gt;Refining the “gatekeeper” concept: A UN radio case study&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=203&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Bass, Abraham Z&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/refining-%E2%80%9Cgatekeeper%E2%80%9D-concept-un-radio-case-study&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Refining The “Gatekeeper” Concept: A Un Radio Case Study&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Journalism &amp; Mass Communication Quarterly&lt;/span&gt; 46, no 1 (1969), 69-72.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Refining+the+%E2%80%9Cgatekeeper%E2%80%9D+concept%3A+A+UN+radio+case+study&amp;amp;rft.title=Journalism+%26amp%3B+Mass+Communication+Quarterly&amp;amp;rft.date=1969&amp;amp;rft.volume=46&amp;amp;rft.issue=1&amp;amp;rft.spage=69&amp;amp;rft.epage=72&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Bass&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Abraham&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-4552c02da4044045fafbd76cecfca13a&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/many-voices-one-bbc-world-service-2008-us-elections-gatekeeping-and-trans-editing&quot;&gt;Many voices, one BBC World Service? The 2008 US elections, gatekeeping and trans-editing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=204&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cheesman, Tom&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=205&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Arnd-Michael  Nohl&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=206&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;BBC WSUSElec Group&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/many-voices-one-bbc-world-service-2008-us-elections-gatekeeping-and-trans-editing&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Many Voices, One Bbc World Service? The 2008 Us Elections, Gatekeeping And Trans-Editing&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Journalism&lt;/span&gt; 12, no 2 (2011), 217-233.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Many+voices%2C+one+BBC+World+Service%3F+The+2008+US+elections%2C+gatekeeping+and+trans-editing&amp;amp;rft.title=Journalism&amp;amp;rft.date=2011&amp;amp;rft.volume=12&amp;amp;rft.issue=2&amp;amp;rft.spage=217&amp;amp;rft.epage=233&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Cheesman&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;amp;rft.au=Nohl%2C+Arnd-Michael&amp;amp;rft.au=Group%2C+BBC&amp;amp;rft.au=Group%2C+BBC&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-7623390070c91a3484f10fd54c52c8f0&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/news-translation-japan&quot;&gt;News translation in Japan&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=207&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Fujii, Akio&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/news-translation-japan&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;News Translation In Japan&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Meta: Journal Des Traducteurs/meta:translators’ Journal&lt;/span&gt; 33, no 1 (1988), 32-37.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=News+translation+in+Japan&amp;amp;rft.title=Meta%3A+Journal+des+traducteurs%2FMeta%3ATranslators%E2%80%99+Journal&amp;amp;rft.date=1988&amp;amp;rft.volume=33&amp;amp;rft.issue=1&amp;amp;rft.spage=32&amp;amp;rft.epage=37&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Fujii&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Akio&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-1b9300168bd09db4017404f1d3059f54&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/across-desk-study-16-telegraph-editors&quot;&gt;Across the desk: A study of 16 telegraph editors&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=208&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Gieber, Walter&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/across-desk-study-16-telegraph-editors&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Across The Desk: A Study Of 16 Telegraph Editors&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Journalism &amp; Mass Communication Quarterly&lt;/span&gt; 33, no 4 (1956), 423-432.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Across+the+desk%3A+A+study+of+16+telegraph+editors&amp;amp;rft.title=Journalism+%26amp%3B+Mass+Communication+Quarterly&amp;amp;rft.date=1956&amp;amp;rft.volume=33&amp;amp;rft.issue=4&amp;amp;rft.spage=423&amp;amp;rft.epage=432&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Gieber&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Walter&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-aaeae4e5a8c7b47af91f0945690c7fbc&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/frontiers-group-dynamics-ii-channels-group-life-social-planning-and-action-research&quot;&gt;Frontiers in group dynamics II. Channels of group life: Social planning and action research&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=209&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Lewin, Kurt&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/frontiers-group-dynamics-ii-channels-group-life-social-planning-and-action-research&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Frontiers In Group Dynamics Ii. Channels Of Group Life: Social Planning And Action Research&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Human Relations&lt;/span&gt;, no 1 no 1 (1947), 143-153.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Frontiers+in+group+dynamics+II.+Channels+of+group+life%3A+Social+planning+and+action+research&amp;amp;rft.title=Human+Relations&amp;amp;rft.date=1947&amp;amp;rft.issue=1&amp;amp;rft.spage=143&amp;amp;rft.epage=153&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Lewin&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Kurt&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-68decd4cd915fcf6d0fc0a1670549bda&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/intermediary-communicators-international-flow-news&quot;&gt;Intermediary communicators in the international flow of news&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=210&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;McNelly, John T&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/intermediary-communicators-international-flow-news&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Intermediary Communicators In The International Flow Of News&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Journalism &amp; Mass Communication Quarterly&lt;/span&gt; 36, no 1 (1959), 23-26.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Intermediary+communicators+in+the+international+flow+of+news&amp;amp;rft.title=Journalism+%26amp%3B+Mass+Communication+Quarterly&amp;amp;rft.date=1959&amp;amp;rft.volume=36&amp;amp;rft.issue=1&amp;amp;rft.spage=23&amp;amp;rft.epage=26&amp;amp;rft.aulast=McNelly&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=John&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-9f4cc1737c77dc759c88493e6be77bd9&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/individual-and-routine-forces-gatekeeping&quot;&gt;Individual and routine forces in gatekeeping&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=211&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Shoemaker, Pamela J&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=212&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Martin  Eichholz&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=213&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Eunyi  Kim&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=214&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Brenda  Wrigley&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/individual-and-routine-forces-gatekeeping&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Individual And Routine Forces In Gatekeeping&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Journalism &amp; Mass Communication Quarterly&lt;/span&gt; 78, no 2 (2001), 233-246.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Individual+and+routine+forces+in+gatekeeping&amp;amp;rft.title=Journalism+%26amp%3B+Mass+Communication+Quarterly&amp;amp;rft.date=2001&amp;amp;rft.volume=78&amp;amp;rft.issue=2&amp;amp;rft.spage=233&amp;amp;rft.epage=246&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Shoemaker&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Pamela&amp;amp;rft.au=Eichholz%2C+Martin&amp;amp;rft.au=Kim%2C+Eunyi&amp;amp;rft.au=Wrigley%2C+Brenda&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-1f0bfe262fd443096639778595588398&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/mediating-message-theories-influences-mass-media-content&quot;&gt;Mediating the message. Theories of influences on mass media content&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=211&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Shoemaker, Pamela J&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=215&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Stephen D Reese&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/mediating-message-theories-influences-mass-media-content&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Mediating The Message. Theories Of Influences On Mass Media Content&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. 2nd editionᵉ éd. New York: Longman, 1996.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Mediating+the+message.+Theories+of+influences+on+mass+media+content&amp;amp;rft.date=1996&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Shoemaker&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Pamela&amp;amp;rft.au=Reese%2C+Stephen&amp;amp;rft.au=Reese%2C+Stephen&amp;amp;rft.au=Reese%2C+Stephen&amp;amp;rft.pub=Longman&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-be71a08bebbade96e32b0ddc15a1174d&quot;&gt;
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=211&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Shoemaker, Pamela J&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/gatekeeping&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Gatekeeping&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Communication Concepts 3&lt;/span&gt;. Newbury Park: Sage, 1991.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Gatekeeping&amp;amp;rft.btitle=Communication+concepts+3&amp;amp;rft.date=1991&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Shoemaker&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Pamela&amp;amp;rft.pub=Sage&amp;amp;rft.place=Newbury+Park&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-f662f6b6359ec2651993fb2401b827c5&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/adaptation-appropriation-framing-world-through-news-translation&quot;&gt;From adaptation to appropriation: Framing the world through news translation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=92&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Valdeón, Roberto A&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/adaptation-appropriation-framing-world-through-news-translation&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;From Adaptation To Appropriation: Framing The World Through News Translation&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Linguaculture&lt;/span&gt;, no 1 no 1 (2014), 51-62.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=From+adaptation+to+appropriation%3A+Framing+the+world+through+news+translation&amp;amp;rft.title=Linguaculture&amp;amp;rft.date=2014&amp;amp;rft.issue=1&amp;amp;rft.spage=51&amp;amp;rft.epage=62&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Valde%C3%B3n&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-a68454d143b370a1a31199c8c2c55158&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;div class=&quot;views-field views-field-title&quot;&gt;        &lt;span class=&quot;field-content&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/blogue/translation-channel-news-gatekeeping-process&quot;&gt;Translation Channel in News Gatekeeping Process &lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/conceptual-model-communications-research&quot;&gt;A conceptual model for communications research&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=216&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Westley, Bruce H&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=217&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Malcolm S MacLean&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/conceptual-model-communications-research&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;A Conceptual Model For Communications Research&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Journalism &amp; Mass Communication Quarterly &lt;/span&gt; 34, no 1 (1957), 31-38.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=A+conceptual+model+for+communications+research&amp;amp;rft.title=Journalism+%26amp%3B+Mass+Communication+Quarterly+&amp;amp;rft.date=1957&amp;amp;rft.volume=34&amp;amp;rft.issue=1&amp;amp;rft.spage=31&amp;amp;rft.epage=38&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Westley&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Bruce&amp;amp;rft.au=MacLean%2C+Malcolm&amp;amp;rft.au=MacLean%2C+Malcolm&amp;amp;rft.au=MacLean%2C+Malcolm&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-19496dfd23cd19f232eb4c673e9387ac&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/gate-keeper-case-study-selection-news&quot;&gt;The gate keeper: A case study in the selection of news&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=218&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;White, David Manning&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/gate-keeper-case-study-selection-news&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;The Gate Keeper: A Case Study In The Selection Of News&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Journalism &amp; Mass Communication Quarterly&lt;/span&gt; 27, no 4 (1950), 383.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=The+gate+keeper%3A+A+case+study+in+the+selection+of+news&amp;amp;rft.title=Journalism+%26amp%3B+Mass+Communication+Quarterly&amp;amp;rft.date=1950&amp;amp;rft.volume=27&amp;amp;rft.issue=4&amp;amp;rft.spage=383&amp;amp;rft.aulast=White&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=David&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-0765a378aba2c66f177b4bb1d95b744a&quot;&gt;
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 <pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2016 20:33:41 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>René Lemieux</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">144299 at https://odft.nt2.ca</guid>
 <comments>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/translation-channel-news-gatekeeping-process#comments</comments>
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 <title>Frames of War in News Translation: Butler and Valdeón</title>
 <link>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/frames-war-news-translation-butler-and-valde%C3%B3n</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;img typeof=&quot;foaf:Image&quot; src=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/sites/odft.aegir.nt2.uqam.ca/files/styles/image_contenu_blogue/public/field/image/WhyWeFight_July2005.jpg?itok=G2dTmHqk&quot; width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot; property=&quot;content:encoded&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;The title of this post comes from Judith Butler’s &lt;em&gt;Frames of War: When is Life Grievable?&lt;/em&gt; (2010, hereafter FoW) Bizarrely, the book was translated in French as &lt;em&gt;Ce qui fait une vie: Essai sur la violence, la guerre et le deuil&lt;/em&gt;. We’ve lost the reference to framing in this translation, which is unfortunate, as it is framing itself on Butler’s account that determines what makes a life, and what makes a life grievable, or what makes the loss of a life appear as a justifiable outcome of contemporary warfare. Following the important work of Roberto A. Valdeón, however, I want to pick out a few points on these frames are articulated and rearticulated in translation, how translation can serve to both confirm a dominant ideology concerning the justifiability of warfare, but also prepare the grounds for its contestation.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Butler’s book examines “the ways in which visual and discursive fields are part of war recruitment and war waging.” Against some of the academic stances taken in Critical Discourse Analysis I covered in an earlier post, which, as Valdeón recalls “had no real impact on the society it aims to change, or, at least, contribute to change” (Valdeón 2008, 301), Butler immediately adds that&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;the point is not merely descriptive but critical and oppositional… If war is to be opposed, we have to understand how popular assent to war is cultivated and maintained, in other words, how war waging acts upon the senses so that war is thought to be an inevitability, something good, or even a source of moral satisfaction. (FoW ix)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Butler’s major concern in this book is to inquire into how visual, discursive and narrative technologies manufacture assent to war through their framing of the issues at hand. The frame, she writes, “does not simply exhibit reality, but actively participates in a strategy of containment, selectively producing and enforcing what will count as reality.” (FoW xiii) Frames importantly operate by determining who’s in and who’s out with respect to moral considerability and grievability, and I’m interested here in how the ‘who’s out’ gets reiterated in the aporetics of translation, and where translation can stand as an act of resistance. While most of Butler’s arguments concern photography here (the Abu Ghraib photos, for example), she is also quite attentive to the news media through which the frames of war are reiterated.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;Television coverage of war positions citizens as visual consumers of a violent conflict that happens elsewhere, at least in the United States where geographical distance from our so-called enemies allows us to wage war without close domestic scrutiny of our actions. It may be that global media operations like CNN actually export the perspective of the US, enforcing a sense of infinite distance from zones of war even for those who live in the midst of violence. But if the framing of what we see challenges the credibility of the claims made about war, then we fail to be effectively recruited into the war effort of the news. (FoW xv)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Roberto A. Valdeón is a figure at the forefront of the study of news and informative texts in translation who makes considerable use of the notion of framing in his work. Framing is itself a key concept in communications studies, “defined as the central organizing idea that allows news consumers to make sense of events” (Valdeón 2015, “(Un)stable sources…”, 440). Frames, as Valdeón draws from Lakoff and Castels, are “not a question of words, but a ‘mode of thought, a mode of action.’… The media use existing frames to promote connections in the minds of the readers” (Valdeón 2016, 15). The notion of framing also has an important history in translation studies, as Valdeón illustrates via Mona Baker’s &lt;em&gt;Translation and Conflict: A Narrative Account&lt;/em&gt;. Framing, he writes, “implies an active participation in the construction of reality (Baker 2006: 106), or the construction of certain construes of reality.” (Valdeón 2008, 300) No frame is ever given once and for all, however, and depends on its continued and repeated reiteration for its survival. As an important means through which a given frame may survive – or not – translation is extremely well positioned, I argue, in re-framing otherwise the media discourses through which war is constructed as necessary and justifiable.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Some particularly important aspects of framing in news translation for Valdeón, following Baker, involve ‘&lt;strong&gt;labelling&lt;/strong&gt;,’ the choices writers and translators make to portray an issue in a certain light. ‘&lt;strong&gt;Ambiguity&lt;/strong&gt;,’ however, allows news writes to present “the same set of events… in different ways… violent conflicts can be framed as war, civil war, terrorism, etc.” (Valdeón 2008, 300) ‘&lt;strong&gt;Selective appropriation&lt;/strong&gt;,’ finally, concerns the omissions or additions made by writers and translators “to suppress, accentuate or elaborate particular aspects of a narrative.” (ibid., 301) Valdeón thus proposes to relate &lt;strong&gt;framing &lt;/strong&gt;to “the mechanisms that journalists resort to in order to produce source texts which, in turn, can also affect the selection and de-selection processes undertaken by news producers when relying on articles published in other languages.” (Valdeón 2015, “(Un)stable sources…”, 440)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Valdeón’s thesis is that the framing that occurs in news translation participates in the construction of a world “according to Anglophone norms, interests and, most likely, ideological agendas” (ibid., 323). I’ll have more to say about the ecolinguistic and biocultural aspects of news in translation in my next post, along with the question of language death, and will stick to the question of war here. English expressions, for example, become the norm in framing global conflicts. “For instance, the creation of the narrative of the ‘War on Terror’ (Baker 2006), with its ideological implications, has been exported to other languages (i.e., the Spanish press often uses the phrase ‘la guerra contra el terror.’) (Valdeón 2010, 155) Particularly with respect to the term ‘terrorism,’ Valdeón writes, the major Western news agencies “set the agenda for the smaller ones, let alone regional and local media” (Valdeón 2012, 860).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;War news, Valdeón writes, was the staple diet of the early newspapers, all of which heavily relied on translation (see Valdeón’s paper on the Dutch &lt;em&gt;Corantos&lt;/em&gt;, 2012), citing a 1693 English article from the &lt;em&gt;London Gazette&lt;/em&gt; quoted from French sources. As he writes, “war news was often used to project negative images of the Other.” (Valdeón 2015, “Fifteen years…”, 637) More current studies of ideological biases introduced by means of translation in the news have examined “the ways in which translation has shaped the audience’s views of such a momentous news event as the Falklands War” (ibid., 640). In his own work, Valdeón has studied the role played by translation in accounts of the Basque separatist group ETA with respect to terrorism in the British Broadcasting Corporation, writing that “the same actors of the news event, as well as their actions, can be referred to as ‘separatist’ or ‘terrorist’ depending on the medium and language we are dealing with.” (Valdeón 2008, 300)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;It seems to me that an obstacle not only to the study of news in Translation Studies, but to an appreciation of the ethical and political role translators can play in re-framing the questions of global warfare is indeed the marginalization and invisibility of translation. Valdeón notes, from his interviews with a number of news translators, that many do not see themselves as translators, but see their work as marginal or secondary. Indeed, the information age has further exacerbated this invisibility towards, as he cites David Bellos, “anonymity and impersonality.” (Valdeón 2015, “Fifteen years…” 636) But this dimension of the anonymous and the impersonal, familiar to readers of Blanchot, Deleuze and Foucault, is also that of the excluded; that which lies beyond the frame, and onto which every translation opens in its re-framing.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The potential for resisting the frames of war might thus lie in rethinking translation in the information society. This appears to be along the lines of what Valdeón cites from Baumann et al. concerning “the subversive nature of the translators as agents of resistance or change.” (Valdeón 2015, “(Un)stable sources…”, 444) Valdeón again seems to hint at something like Blanchot’s concept of the anonymous and impersonal neuter or third person, drawing from Homi Bhabha in proposing a Third Space, “a crucial point at which the news company, the writer/translator and the ultimate reader can meet without feeling that their political, cultural and linguistic backgrounds have been undermined by those of others.” (Valdeón 2008, 323)&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-mots-cles-libres-blogue field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Mots-clés libres du blogue:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/framing&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;framing&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/id%C3%A9ologie&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;idéologie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/journalisme&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;journalisme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/traduction&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;traduction&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-ref-biblio-test field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;node-144277&quot; class=&quot;node node-biblio node-teaser&quot; about=&quot;/biblio/translation-and-conflict-narrative-account&quot; typeof=&quot;sioc:Item foaf:Document&quot;&gt;

        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translation-and-conflict-narrative-account&quot;&gt;Translation and Conflict: A Narrative Account&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=200&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Baker, Mona&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translation-and-conflict-narrative-account&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Translation And Conflict: A Narrative Account&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. London &amp; New York: Routledge, 2006.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Translation+and+Conflict%3A+A+Narrative+Account&amp;amp;rft.date=2006&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Baker&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Mona&amp;amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;amp;rft.place=London+%26amp%3B+New+York&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-a0d9fa615573f247cacd7b9c20af9c42&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;div class=&quot;views-field views-field-title&quot;&gt;        &lt;span class=&quot;field-content&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/blogue/frames-war-news-translation-butler-and-valde%C3%B3n&quot;&gt;Frames of War in News Translation: Butler and Valdeón&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/frames-war-when-life-grievable&quot;&gt;Frames of War: When is Life Grievable?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=201&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Butler, Judith&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/frames-war-when-life-grievable&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Frames Of War: When Is Life Grievable?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. London &amp; New York: Verso, 2010.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Frames+of+War%3A+When+is+Life+Grievable%3F&amp;amp;rft.date=2010&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Butler&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Judith&amp;amp;rft.pub=Verso&amp;amp;rft.place=London+%26amp%3B+New+York&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-55aad215561c0256450213eab7b43349&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/anomalous-news-translation&quot;&gt;Anomalous news translation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=92&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Valdeón, Roberto A&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/anomalous-news-translation&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Anomalous News Translation&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Babel&lt;/span&gt; 54, no 4 (2008), 299-326.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Anomalous+news+translation&amp;amp;rft.title=Babel&amp;amp;rft.date=2008&amp;amp;rft.volume=54&amp;amp;rft.issue=4&amp;amp;rft.spage=299&amp;amp;rft.epage=326&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Valde%C3%B3n&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-35a6908c702c58a156c6f9176aeebcb0&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translation-informational-society&quot;&gt;Translation in the informational society&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=92&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Valdeón, Roberto A&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translation-informational-society&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Translation In The Informational Society&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Across Languages And Cultures&lt;/span&gt; 11, no 2 (2010), 149-160.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Translation+in+the+informational+society&amp;amp;rft.title=Across+Languages+and+Cultures&amp;amp;rft.date=2010&amp;amp;rft.volume=11&amp;amp;rft.issue=2&amp;amp;rft.spage=149&amp;amp;rft.epage=160&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Valde%C3%B3n&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-aa441e5d9aaa05dc7506437137d6ad81&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/dutch-corantos-convergence-journalism-role-translation-news-production&quot;&gt;From the Dutch corantos to Convergence Journalism: The Role of Translation in News Production&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=92&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Valdeón, Roberto A&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/dutch-corantos-convergence-journalism-role-translation-news-production&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;From The Dutch Corantos To Convergence Journalism: The Role Of Translation In News Production&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Meta: Journal Des Traducteurs&lt;/span&gt; 57, no 4 (2012), 850-865.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=From+the+Dutch+corantos+to+Convergence+Journalism%3A+The+Role+of+Translation+in+News+Production&amp;amp;rft.title=Meta%3A+Journal+des+traducteurs&amp;amp;rft.date=2012&amp;amp;rft.volume=57&amp;amp;rft.issue=4&amp;amp;rft.spage=850&amp;amp;rft.epage=865&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Valde%C3%B3n&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-e6e502f7d41d6e3cf4a88bc6ba8733a9&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/fifteen-years-journalistic-translation-research-and-more&quot;&gt;Fifteen years of journalistic translation research and more&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=92&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Valdeón, Roberto A&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/fifteen-years-journalistic-translation-research-and-more&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Fifteen Years Of Journalistic Translation Research And More&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Perspectives: Studies In Translatology&lt;/span&gt; 23, no 4 (2015), 634-662.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Fifteen+years+of+journalistic+translation+research+and+more&amp;amp;rft.title=Perspectives%3A+Studies+in+Translatology&amp;amp;rft.date=2015&amp;amp;rft.volume=23&amp;amp;rft.issue=4&amp;amp;rft.spage=634&amp;amp;rft.epage=662&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Valde%C3%B3n&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-5a8f43dfa8663fc5ef1d1cbba03a9099&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/unstable-sources-translation-and-news-production&quot;&gt;(Un)stable sources, translation and news production&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=92&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Valdeón, Roberto A&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/unstable-sources-translation-and-news-production&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;(Un)Stable Sources, Translation And News Production&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Target&lt;/span&gt; 27, no 3 (2015), 442-453.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=%28Un%29stable+sources%2C+translation+and+news+production&amp;amp;rft.title=Target&amp;amp;rft.date=2015&amp;amp;rft.volume=27&amp;amp;rft.issue=3&amp;amp;rft.spage=442&amp;amp;rft.epage=453&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Valde%C3%B3n&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-dc112e7b5d2871c32c50658c6de15668&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translating-stable-sources-times-economic-recession&quot;&gt;Translating stable sources in times of economic recession&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=92&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Valdeón, Roberto A&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translating-stable-sources-times-economic-recession&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Translating Stable Sources In Times Of Economic Recession&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Babel&lt;/span&gt; 62, no 1 (2016), 1-20.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Translating+stable+sources+in+times+of+economic+recession&amp;amp;rft.title=Babel&amp;amp;rft.date=2016&amp;amp;rft.volume=62&amp;amp;rft.issue=1&amp;amp;rft.spage=1&amp;amp;rft.epage=20&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Valde%C3%B3n&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Roberto&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-ead22465667f59609b8811982170495a&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;div class=&quot;views-field views-field-title&quot;&gt;        &lt;span class=&quot;field-content&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/blogue/frames-war-news-translation-butler-and-valde%C3%B3n&quot;&gt;Frames of War in News Translation: Butler and Valdeón&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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 <pubDate>Wed, 28 Sep 2016 14:43:42 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>René Lemieux</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">144285 at https://odft.nt2.ca</guid>
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 <title>What are Financial Journalists For? A Review</title>
 <link>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/what-are-financial-journalists-review</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;img typeof=&quot;foaf:Image&quot; src=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/sites/odft.aegir.nt2.uqam.ca/files/styles/image_contenu_blogue/public/field/image/image-tambini.jpg?itok=xHO54BT6&quot; width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot; property=&quot;content:encoded&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Damian Tambini’s article, “What are Financial Journalists For?” (2010) is insightful and worthwhile in framing its argument in terms of how financial journalists themselves understand their role in corporate governance and the broader ethical responsibilities of their profession. Tambini suggests that a better understanding of the laws, regulatory and self-regulatory mechanisms structuring business and financial journalism can help us understand the media’s relative inattention to risks in the banking sector prior to the 2007 credit crisis. The criticism faced by financial and business journalism, however, predates the financial crisis, in general, “financial journalists are criticized for superficiality and for a failure to conduct investigations… and for inappropriate news values… They are criticized for being insufficiently skeptical.” (158)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Furthermore, Tambini cites the increasing complexity of financial objects as beyond the training, education and skills of the average journalist. This complexity, he writes, makes it difficult for financial journalists to contribute in a meaningful way to corporate governance. Moreover, the sources from which journalists receive their information are often interested parties, who grant information on the condition it is presented as they deem fit. All of these criticisms, however,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;are of course based on the assumption that financial journalists should play an independent, ‘watchdog’ role. Since this is not a consensus view, even among journalists, it is worth making this explicit. Might the problem not be that markets are increasingly complex, or that journalists are insufficiently funded? Perhaps business and financial journalists themselves do not see themselves as engaged in ‘public interest’ reporting in the same way that political journalists do. (159-160)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;There is, Tambini writes, no real consensus among journalists on their wider role in corporate governance and in serving the public interest. Many see their role simply as providing interested investors with market relevant information. What Tambini calls ‘ethical minimalists’ “saw their ultimate responsibility as being to respect the law and serve the shareholders of their companies, not to plug gaps in the system of corporate oversight.” (160-161)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;However, the media and the public play an important role in holding corporations, businesses and banks to account. The media also exerts a direct and powerful influence on stock prices and market behaviours. These two systemic views of the role of financial journalists, corporate governance and their relation to capital markets ought to be kept in mind, Tambini writes, in understanding the responsibilities of finance and business journalists. “On the one hand, they indicate a wider watchdog role for journalists in the system of corporate governance; and on the other, they show that the reflexive nature of the relationship with markets requires a particular ethical approach.” (162) These professional rights and responsibilities of financial journalists are themselves also codified in law and self-regulatory codes, particularly with respect to market abuse. Tambini lists responsibilities with respect to insider trading, market manipulation, conflicts of interest, and non-disclosure as examples of such duties codified in law.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The profession of financial journalism, moreover, faces some important challenges that are bound up with their wider ethical and political concerns. New communications technologies play an important role here; an increasing pressure on heightened productivity is purchased at the expense of editorial oversight; “there is a trade-off between speed and attention to ethics and it is one where financial journalism has yet to find a new equilibrium of accepted practices.” (166) I’ve already mentioned the increasing complexity of financial stories and investment products as well. These pressures of speed complexity and productivity have a profound effect on the journalists’ general professional strategies: “to ensure that they are not used in the service of someone else’s interests, but report in the public interest or at least in the interests of their readers.” (167) The public relations industry as a whole imposes important pressures on financial journalism that, according to an interviewed editor, put up barriers to information, releasing information in a ‘carefully orchestrated way.’ “Things are very controlled in a way compared to a way it used to be… the free flow of information has been interrupted and the kind of information we get can be very sanitized. It’s very hard getting to the bottom of a story.” (167) Information is granted, Tambini writes, on the condition that it is released in the required manner.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;All these pressures, one might say, cause financial journalists to sideline their ethical responsibilities to the public interest. Some interviewees, Tambini points out, recall a ‘golden age’ of financial journalism where “the professional ethics and responsibility of the profession were fostered and there was the stability to fund more investigations and longer-term risks.” (169) Now, not only are data, information and news increasingly released as a free service online, the decrease in pay for financial journalists skews asymmetrically with the resources of large companies and their PR firms. Furthermore, bloggers, social media and other services have come to undermine traditional financial journalism. Tambini suggests that “online financial news should be separated between online versions and initiatives of old media – which tend to observe the same codes and standards; and pure play online financial news and information. This latter group appears to exist outside the existing framework.” (170)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Tambini’s article does a wonderful job in highlighting some of the reasons for which financial and business journalists might understand their profession as outside the wider ethico-political responsibilities of corporate governance and serving the public interest. I’ve mentioned &lt;a href=&quot;http://odft.aegirnt2.uqam.ca/blogue/observation-critique-financial-discourse&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;in another blog post&lt;/a&gt; that one of the great strengths of capital is its ability to maintain the metaphysical divorce between the ‘is’ and the ‘ought,’ the ontological and the ethical or normative. Perhaps, then, the step beyond this current impasse might implore journalists, and anyone else in finance and business, to ask themselves almost impossibly difficult questions on the nature of their profession and their place in the global economy.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-mots-cles-libres-blogue field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Mots-clés libres du blogue:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/%C3%A9conomie&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;économie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/finance&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;finance&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/journalisme&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;journalisme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-ref-biblio-test field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;node-144124&quot; class=&quot;node node-biblio node-teaser&quot; about=&quot;/biblio/what-are-financial-journalists&quot; typeof=&quot;sioc:Item foaf:Document&quot;&gt;

        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/what-are-financial-journalists&quot;&gt;What are financial journalists for?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=89&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tambini, Damian&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/what-are-financial-journalists&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;What Are Financial Journalists For?&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Journalism Studies&lt;/span&gt; 11, no 2 (2010), 158-174.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=What+are+financial+journalists+for%3F&amp;amp;rft.title=Journalism+Studies&amp;amp;rft.date=2010&amp;amp;rft.volume=11&amp;amp;rft.issue=2&amp;amp;rft.spage=158&amp;amp;rft.epage=174&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Tambini&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Damian&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-2e6d2bea81a5c507810adccc1aa02595&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;div class=&quot;views-field views-field-title&quot;&gt;        &lt;span class=&quot;field-content&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/blogue/what-are-financial-journalists-review&quot;&gt;What are Financial Journalists For? A Review&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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 <pubDate>Fri, 22 Jul 2016 15:44:02 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>René Lemieux</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">144270 at https://odft.nt2.ca</guid>
 <comments>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/what-are-financial-journalists-review#comments</comments>
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 <title>La transparence et l’objectivité s’opposent-elles en journalisme?</title>
 <link>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/la-transparence-et-l%E2%80%99objectivit%C3%A9-s%E2%80%99opposent-elles-en-journalisme</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;img typeof=&quot;foaf:Image&quot; src=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/sites/odft.aegir.nt2.uqam.ca/files/styles/image_contenu_blogue/public/field/image/persona.jpg?itok=GE8iGTdp&quot; width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot; property=&quot;content:encoded&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Une notion prend de plus en plus d’importance en journalisme, celle de « transparence ». On pourrait en dater la popularité avec le livre &lt;em&gt;The Elements of Journalism: What News People Should Know and the Public Should Expect&lt;/em&gt; de Bill Kovach et Tom Rosenstiel (2007) et l’article « Transparency: An Assessment of the Kantian Roots of a Key Element » de Patrick Plaisance (2007). Cette notion est pensée comme une exigence éthique d’ouverture et d’honnêteté du journaliste envers son public. Elle a toutefois subi une altération avec un court texte de David Weinberger qui relie, et même oppose directement, la notion de transparence en journalisme à celle l’objectivité&lt;a class=&quot;see-footnote&quot; id=&quot;footnoteref1_cnmwa3w&quot; title=&quot;David Weinberger, « Transparency: the new objectivity », Trend-Setting Products 18(8), septembre 2009.&quot; href=&quot;#footnote1_cnmwa3w&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En résumé, la transparence dans le contexte journalistique pourrait se traduire comme la volonté de rendre visible au public les décisions, les méthodes et les sources qui participent à la production de la nouvelle. Cette transparence est « matérielle » au sens où elle se présente le plus souvent comme des « hyperliens » inscrits dans les textes journalistiques. Elle résulte d’une crise de légitimité que les médias vivent à l’ère de l’accès à l’information et à la discussion sur les réseaux par le plus grand nombre&lt;a class=&quot;see-footnote&quot; id=&quot;footnoteref2_kifblq9&quot; title=&quot;Une étude du Pew Research Center for the People and the Press publiée en 2012 indique entre autres que la « crédibilité favorable » (positive believability) des grands réseaux américains a chuté d’environ 15 % sur une période de dix ans, allant de 71 % en 2002 à 56 % en 2012 (citée dans Chadha et Koliska 2015, 215).&quot; href=&quot;#footnote2_kifblq9&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;. Mais elle est aussi la conséquence de de la concurrence des médias sociaux et des blogues.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fpjq.org/lobjectivite-nexiste-pas/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt; un court billet publié assez récemment&lt;/a&gt;, Fanny Samson, dans la suite de Weinberger, tente de départager les deux notions de transparence et d’objectivité. Le titre de son billet est assez révélateur : « L’objectivité n’existe pas ». À partir de discussions avec des journalistes bien connus et des intervenants du monde journalistique, elle soutient que l’objectivité est impossible, qu’il faut plutôt tenter d’atteindre une « impartialité ». Or, puisque toute personne est naturellement partiale, c’est la transparence qui permet de suppléer à ce défaut. Cette transparence permet de rendre compte, souvent en récit, du travail journalistique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Selon &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kmworld.com/Articles/Column/David-Weinberger/Transparency-the-new-objectivity-55785.aspx&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;David Weinberger&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;for a long time, journalists aimed to be objective. That’s not an achievable aim, and the claim that reporting is objective is not just wrong but seriously misleading. From the selection of the news to cover to the way in which the story is told, news reporting – like all story telling and all history – is from a particular point of view with particular expectations and values.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Une des manières de rendre une nouvelle transparente est ainsi de raconter l’histoire de son développement, toujours selon Weinberger : « Transparency – the embedded ability to see through the published draft – often gives us more reason to believe a report than the claim of objectivity did. » On pourrait qualifier cette nouvelle manière de présenter la nouvelle de « généalogique » parce qu’elle approfondit les origines en montrant l’étendu de l’activité plutôt que de fournir un produit définitif. La transparence permet ainsi, contre une objectivité artificielle, de laisser le lecteur de nouvelles évaluer les biais éventuels des journalistes. Une nouvelle objectivité, pourrait-on conclure, est atteinte, cette fois plus véridique parce que la subjectivité de chacun est en quelque sorte assumée.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Des études plus critiques du concept laissent pourtant voir l’« envers » de la transparence qui n’est pas toujours éthique. Les chercheurs Kalyani Chadha et Michael Koliska, par exemple, en interrogeant des journalistes de grands médias américains, concluent que la question de la transparence devient plus souvent de savoir comment avoir l’air transparent, sans nécessairement l’être. Pour les entreprises médiatiques, la transparence est plutôt vue comme un mécanisme visant à démontrer une ouverture des médias devant les critiques possibles de l’auditoire, mais elle est aussi une occasion mercantile, celle de produire du matériel supplémentaire à partir d’une seule et même histoire. Par exemple, un journaliste du &lt;em&gt;Los Angeles Times&lt;/em&gt; affirme : « People think about transparency as a sort of promotional tool… it builds better relationships with the public which means that more people come to our website. Our ultimate goal is to retain loyal readers and drive traffic to the website […]. » (dans Chadha et Koliska, 221) De nouveaux problèmes éthiques peuvent aussi survenir. En s’ouvrant tant au public, c’est souvent la distinction entre le public et le privé qui en souffre (225), ce qui est loin d’améliorer l’objectivité des journalistes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au final, on pourrait se demander si ce n’est pas la définition d’« objectivité » qui fait problème avec cette nouvelle notion de transparence. Pour promouvoir cette dernière, Weinberger décrivait la manière pour la mettre en pratique en disant que « [the] content is linked, public, discussed and always subject to dispute and revision ». N’a-t-on pourtant pas là la définition même de l’objectivité? Weinberger et, à sa suite, Samson semblent croire que l’objectivité est synonyme de « vérité », quelque chose comme un discours lui-même porteur d’une essence de vérité. Un discours vrai en lui-même qui se refuse à toute évaluation critique n’est pas un discours objectif, c’est un discours dogmatique (et, pourrait-on ajouter, subjectif). Épistémologiquement, un discours objectif ne possède pas en lui-même le fondement de sa vérité, c’est très exactement parce qu’il peut être soumis, publiquement, à la discussion et à la critique qu’il peut être qualifié d’objectif. Il faudrait ainsi se demander si l’exigence de la transparence dans le discours journalistique ne vise pas, finalement, à se rapprocher des exigences déjà désirées du discours scientifique. Ou si c’est tout simplement un moyen de gagner des lecteurs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;footnotes&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;footnote&quot; id=&quot;footnote1_cnmwa3w&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote-label&quot; href=&quot;#footnoteref1_cnmwa3w&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/a&gt; David Weinberger, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kmworld.com/Articles/Column/David-Weinberger/Transparency-the-new-objectivity-55785.aspx&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;« Transparency: the new objectivity »&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Trend-Setting Products&lt;/em&gt; 18(8), septembre 2009.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;footnote&quot; id=&quot;footnote2_kifblq9&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote-label&quot; href=&quot;#footnoteref2_kifblq9&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/a&gt; Une étude du &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.people-press.org/2012/08/16/further-decline-in-credibility-ratings-for-most-news-organizations/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Pew Research Center for the People and the Press&lt;/a&gt; publiée en 2012 indique entre autres que la « crédibilité favorable » (&lt;em&gt;positive believability&lt;/em&gt;) des grands réseaux américains a chuté d’environ 15 % sur une période de dix ans, allant de 71 % en 2002 à 56 % en 2012 (citée dans Chadha et Koliska 2015, 215).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-mots-cles-libres-blogue field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Mots-clés libres du blogue:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/%C3%A9thique&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;éthique&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/journalisme&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;journalisme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/objectivit%C3%A9&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;objectivité&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/transparence&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;transparence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-ref-biblio-test field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;node-144237&quot; class=&quot;node node-biblio node-teaser&quot; about=&quot;/biblio/newsrooms-and-transparency-digital-age&quot; typeof=&quot;sioc:Item foaf:Document&quot;&gt;

        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/newsrooms-and-transparency-digital-age&quot;&gt;Newsrooms and Transparency in the Digital Age&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=166&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chadha, Kalyani&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=167&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Michael  Koliska&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/newsrooms-and-transparency-digital-age&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Newsrooms And Transparency In The Digital Age&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Journalism Practice&lt;/span&gt; 9, no 2 (2015), 215-229. doi:10.1080/17512786.2014.924737.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Newsrooms+and+Transparency+in+the+Digital+Age&amp;amp;rft.title=Journalism+Practice&amp;amp;rft.date=2015&amp;amp;rft.volume=9&amp;amp;rft.issue=2&amp;amp;rft.spage=215&amp;amp;rft.epage=229&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Chadha&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Kalyani&amp;amp;rft.au=Koliska%2C+Michael&amp;amp;rft.au=Koliska%2C+Michael&amp;amp;rft.au=Koliska%2C+Michael&amp;amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17512786.2014.924737&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-4b1714d2d601e5a95545d1daeaded3a1&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/elements-journalism-what-news-people-should-know-and-public-should-expect&quot;&gt;The Elements of Journalism: What News People Should Know and the Public Should Expect&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=168&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Kovach, Bill&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=169&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tom  Rosenstiel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/elements-journalism-what-news-people-should-know-and-public-should-expect&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;The Elements Of Journalism: What News People Should Know And The Public Should Expect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2007.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=The+Elements+of+Journalism%3A+What+News+People+Should+Know+and+the+Public+Should+Expect&amp;amp;rft.date=2007&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Kovach&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Bill&amp;amp;rft.au=Rosenstiel%2C+Tom&amp;amp;rft.au=Rosenstiel%2C+Tom&amp;amp;rft.au=Rosenstiel%2C+Tom&amp;amp;rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-4788a03355140e4e8fd36ab52d2a2fda&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/further-decline-credibility-ratings-most-news-organizations&quot;&gt;Further Decline in Credibility Ratings for Most News Organizations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=173&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pew Research Center&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/further-decline-credibility-ratings-most-news-organizations&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Further Decline In Credibility Ratings For Most News Organizations&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;, 2012. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.people-press.org/files/2012/08/8-16-2012-Media-Believability1.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.people-press.org/files/2012/08/8-16-2012-Media-Believability1.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.title=Further+Decline+in+Credibility+Ratings+for+Most+News+Organizations&amp;amp;rft.date=2012&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Pew+Research+Center&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-caee122c4544d36374e5695a2dc78ce8&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/transparency-assessment-kantian-root-key-element-media-ethics-practice&quot;&gt;Transparency: An Assessment of the Kantian Root of a Key Element in Media Ethics Practice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=170&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Plaisance, Patrick L&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/transparency-assessment-kantian-root-key-element-media-ethics-practice&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Transparency: An Assessment Of The Kantian Root Of A Key Element In Media Ethics Practice&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Journal Of Mass Media Ethics&lt;/span&gt; 22, no 2/3 (2007), 187-207. doi:10.1080/08900520701315855.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Transparency%3A+An+Assessment+of+the+Kantian+Root+of+a+Key+Element+in+Media+Ethics+Practice&amp;amp;rft.title=Journal+of+Mass+Media+Ethics&amp;amp;rft.date=2007&amp;amp;rft.volume=22&amp;amp;rft.issue=2%2F3&amp;amp;rft.spage=187&amp;amp;rft.epage=207&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Plaisance&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08900520701315855&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-c43fed545cef3ddae0c5156cfd5e015b&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/l%E2%80%99objectivit%C3%A9-n%E2%80%99existe-pas&quot;&gt;L’objectivité n’existe pas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=171&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Samson, Fanny&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/l%E2%80%99objectivit%C3%A9-n%E2%80%99existe-pas&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;L’Objectivité N’Existe Pas&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Magazine Trente&lt;/span&gt;. Fédération professionnelle des journalistes du Québec, 2014. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fpjq.org/lobjectivite-nexiste-pas/&quot;&gt;http://www.fpjq.org/lobjectivite-nexiste-pas/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.title=L%E2%80%99objectivit%C3%A9+n%E2%80%99existe+pas&amp;amp;rft.date=2014&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Samson&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Fanny&amp;amp;rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+professionnelle+des+journalistes+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-6bc2dc74fcdc1568975ea8109ef418c5&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/transparency-new-objectivity&quot;&gt;Transparency: the new objectivity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=172&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Weinberger, David&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/transparency-new-objectivity&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Transparency: The New Objectivity&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Trend-Setting Products&lt;/span&gt; 18, no 8 (2009). &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kmworld.com/Articles/Column/David-Weinberger/Transparency-the-new-objectivity-55785.aspx&quot;&gt;http://www.kmworld.com/Articles/Column/David-Weinberger/Transparency-the-new-objectivity-55785.aspx&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Transparency%3A+the+new+objectivity&amp;amp;rft.title=Trend-Setting+Products&amp;amp;rft.date=2009&amp;amp;rft.volume=18&amp;amp;rft.issue=8&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Weinberger&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=David&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-22320ccc5786a383afe96586f199ab89&quot;&gt;
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 <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2016 21:37:47 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>René Lemieux</dc:creator>
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