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 <title>Observatoire du discours financier en traduction - objectivité</title>
 <link>https://odft.nt2.ca/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/objectivit%C3%A9</link>
 <description></description>
 <language>fr</language>
<item>
 <title>Observation as Critique in Financial Discourse</title>
 <link>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/observation-critique-financial-discourse</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;img typeof=&quot;foaf:Image&quot; src=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/sites/odft.aegir.nt2.uqam.ca/files/styles/image_contenu_blogue/public/field/image/magnifying-glass-dictionary.jpg?itok=aM9v8yw_&quot; width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot; property=&quot;content:encoded&quot;&gt;&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;N’est-il pas trop évident que le capital, la loi et le respect de la loi du capital, de la propriété capitalistique, est le lieu même où la distinction entre l’actuel et le virtuel, l’actif et le passif, l’intentionnel et le non-intentionnel, l’acte et son autre, en un mot, où cette distinction se brouille, où tout est fait pour que cette distinction se brouille… Là où il y a du capital, la distinction entre l’acte et le non-acte, l’actif et le passif, l’actuel et le virtuel, l’acte et le désir, l’activité et la non-activité, le travail et le non-travail, etc., toutes ces distinctions entre l’acte et ses autres perdent tout crédit. Au nom du crédit, elles perdent tout crédit.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 40px; text-align: right;&quot;&gt;Jacques Derrida, &lt;em&gt;Séminaire La peine de mort. Volume II (2000-2001)&lt;/em&gt;, p. 268.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;I want to develop the question of ‘observation’ at stake in our “Observatoire du discours financier en traduction.”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Our interest here, as the blog’s headline reads, is to ask “how does the press participate in reinforcing the discourse of the dominant ideology of neoliberalism?” Well, the quick answer as I understand it would be in translating, re-producing, adopting and legitimizing ambiguous concepts in financial discourse, concepts which gain their currency and acceptability precisely through these ambiguities (we’ve covered transparency and flexibility among others) so as to foster an uncritical acceptance of the discourse through which the dialectic of neoliberalism maintains itself.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Now, what analytic philosophers have long called ‘the naturalistic fallacy’ holds that the ‘is’ and the ‘ought,’ the descriptive and the normative, observation and critique, indeed ontology and ethics should be kept separate. In my usual line of work, continental environmental philosophy, this distinction is one that has long been deemed unworkable for the sorts of problems we face today (and let’s not forget that ecology and economy are interrelated questions of &lt;em&gt;oikos&lt;/em&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;What is an observatory? Well, the word clearly comes from observe, bound to questions of looking, but this sense of ‘watch, perceive, notice’ is from the 1560s. ‘Observe’ enters into English in the 14&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century as “‘to hold to’ (a manner of life or course of conduct)” as one observes a feast, a religious holiday. It comes to us from the 10&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century Old French &lt;em&gt;observer &lt;/em&gt;or &lt;em&gt;osserver&lt;/em&gt;, and this from the Latin observare, the root &lt;em&gt;ob &lt;/em&gt;(over) + &lt;em&gt;servare &lt;/em&gt;(“to watch, to keep safe”), &lt;em&gt;servare &lt;/em&gt;from the Proto Indo-European root &lt;em&gt;*ser&lt;/em&gt; “to protect.”&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;The way I see it, ‘observation’ overruns the descriptive/normative, even the theory/practice opposition (indeed, &lt;em&gt;theorein &lt;/em&gt;also means to look). But one must be careful here: what is it that observation keeps safe? I’ll formulate my hypothesis this way: insofar as observation sees itself as simply ‘objectively’ reporting on the facts, on the elements of discourse, it serves to keep the dominant discourse safe, in this case, that of neoliberalism, it ob-&lt;em&gt;serves &lt;/em&gt;it. Of course, the mere drawing of attention to words and their recurrence can help develop a ‘&lt;a href=&quot;http://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/flexibility-ii-norman-fairclough%E2%80%99s-critical-language-awareness&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;critical language awareness&lt;/a&gt;,’ but to put it all too quickly, this pure objectivity is impossible. Does anyone even argue for it? In science, economics, the arts, philosophy? The myth of the pure, detached gaze from nowhere is one long debunked; as Foucault cites Xavier Bichat in &lt;em&gt;Naissance de la clinique&lt;/em&gt;, “open up a few corpses: you will dissipate at once the darkness that observation alone could not dissipate.” (Foucault 1973: 146) Discourse analysts could substitute ‘open up a few &lt;em&gt;corpuses&lt;/em&gt;’ without even needing to comment the shared etymology!&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Conversely, I’m not arguing that a pure practice of observation (a &lt;em&gt;praxis &lt;/em&gt;of &lt;em&gt;theoria&lt;/em&gt;) can keep the victims of neoliberalism safe, one perhaps suggested in Marx’s famous 11th thesis on Feuerbach that “Die Philosophen haben die Welt nur verschieden &lt;em&gt;interpretiert&lt;/em&gt;; es kömmt drauf an, sie zu &lt;em&gt;verändern&lt;/em&gt;.” (Philosophers have only differently interpreted the world so far, what comes upon it is to change it, to transform it, to make it otherwise [my translation]). Rather, if we collapse or reinscribe the interpret/transform, descriptive/normative, ontological/ethical, theory/practice oppositions otherwise, &lt;em&gt;observation &lt;/em&gt;allows us to keep &lt;em&gt;less &lt;/em&gt;safe, to &lt;em&gt;threaten &lt;/em&gt;the dialectic by which the dominant discourse of neoliberalism maintains itself, by revealing the self-heterogeneity of its tropes, discourses and mechanisms, by foreignizing neoliberalism, as a translation studies scholar might put it. But of course, as Michael Cronin has also noted, &lt;em&gt;foreignization &lt;/em&gt;can be counterproductive in cases of extreme asymmetry, and what asymmetry could be more extreme than that between the 99% and the 1%, world wealth inequality translated into numbers?&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-mots-cles-libres-blogue field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Mots-clés libres du blogue:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/%C3%A9pist%C3%A9mologie&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;épistémologie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/objectivit%C3%A9&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;objectivité&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/observation&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;observation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/observatoire&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;observatoire&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/th%C3%A9orie&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;théorie&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-ref-biblio-test field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;node-144244&quot; class=&quot;node node-biblio node-teaser&quot; about=&quot;/biblio/translation-and-globalization&quot; typeof=&quot;sioc:Item foaf:Document&quot;&gt;

        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translation-and-globalization&quot;&gt;Translation and Globalization&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=174&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Cronin, Michael&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/translation-and-globalization&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Translation And Globalization&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. London: Routledge, 2003.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Translation+and+Globalization&amp;amp;rft.date=2003&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Cronin&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;amp;rft.place=London&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-05a04f56986e333aa89eb159cdf2d43d&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/s%C3%A9minaire-la-peine-de-mort-volume-ii-2000-2001&quot;&gt;Séminaire La peine de mort. Volume II (2000-2001)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=129&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Derrida, Jacques&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/s%C3%A9minaire-la-peine-de-mort-volume-ii-2000-2001&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Séminaire La Peine De Mort. Volume Ii (2000-2001)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=175&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Geoffrey  Bennington&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=176&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Crépon, Marc&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. Paris: Éditions Galilée, 2015.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=S%C3%A9minaire+La+peine+de+mort.+Volume+II+%282000-2001%29&amp;amp;rft.date=2015&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Derrida&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Jacques&amp;amp;rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Galil%C3%A9e&amp;amp;rft.place=Paris&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-1c14c480dfb82ee2fc7dc72ceb294389&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/birth-clinic-archaeology-medical-perception&quot;&gt;Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/theses-feuerbach&quot;&gt;Theses On Feuerbach&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=152&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Marx, Karl&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/theses-feuerbach&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Theses On Feuerbach&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, 1845. &lt;a href=&quot;https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/theses.htm&quot;&gt;https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/theses.htm&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=Theses+On+Feuerbach&amp;amp;rft.date=1845&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Marx&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-1c45ba80ca1a4e0057a264e8301c032a&quot;&gt;
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 <pubDate>Wed, 29 Jun 2016 14:29:01 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>René Lemieux</dc:creator>
 <guid isPermaLink="false">144248 at https://odft.nt2.ca</guid>
 <comments>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/observation-critique-financial-discourse#comments</comments>
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 <title>La transparence et l’objectivité s’opposent-elles en journalisme?</title>
 <link>https://odft.nt2.ca/blogue/la-transparence-et-l%E2%80%99objectivit%C3%A9-s%E2%80%99opposent-elles-en-journalisme</link>
 <description>&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-image field-type-image field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;img typeof=&quot;foaf:Image&quot; src=&quot;https://odft.nt2.ca/sites/odft.aegir.nt2.uqam.ca/files/styles/image_contenu_blogue/public/field/image/persona.jpg?itok=GE8iGTdp&quot; width=&quot;610&quot; height=&quot;400&quot; alt=&quot;&quot; /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot; property=&quot;content:encoded&quot;&gt;&lt;p&gt;Une notion prend de plus en plus d’importance en journalisme, celle de « transparence ». On pourrait en dater la popularité avec le livre &lt;em&gt;The Elements of Journalism: What News People Should Know and the Public Should Expect&lt;/em&gt; de Bill Kovach et Tom Rosenstiel (2007) et l’article « Transparency: An Assessment of the Kantian Roots of a Key Element » de Patrick Plaisance (2007). Cette notion est pensée comme une exigence éthique d’ouverture et d’honnêteté du journaliste envers son public. Elle a toutefois subi une altération avec un court texte de David Weinberger qui relie, et même oppose directement, la notion de transparence en journalisme à celle l’objectivité&lt;a class=&quot;see-footnote&quot; id=&quot;footnoteref1_cnmwa3w&quot; title=&quot;David Weinberger, « Transparency: the new objectivity », Trend-Setting Products 18(8), septembre 2009.&quot; href=&quot;#footnote1_cnmwa3w&quot;&gt;1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;En résumé, la transparence dans le contexte journalistique pourrait se traduire comme la volonté de rendre visible au public les décisions, les méthodes et les sources qui participent à la production de la nouvelle. Cette transparence est « matérielle » au sens où elle se présente le plus souvent comme des « hyperliens » inscrits dans les textes journalistiques. Elle résulte d’une crise de légitimité que les médias vivent à l’ère de l’accès à l’information et à la discussion sur les réseaux par le plus grand nombre&lt;a class=&quot;see-footnote&quot; id=&quot;footnoteref2_kifblq9&quot; title=&quot;Une étude du Pew Research Center for the People and the Press publiée en 2012 indique entre autres que la « crédibilité favorable » (positive believability) des grands réseaux américains a chuté d’environ 15 % sur une période de dix ans, allant de 71 % en 2002 à 56 % en 2012 (citée dans Chadha et Koliska 2015, 215).&quot; href=&quot;#footnote2_kifblq9&quot;&gt;2&lt;/a&gt;. Mais elle est aussi la conséquence de de la concurrence des médias sociaux et des blogues.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Dans&lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fpjq.org/lobjectivite-nexiste-pas/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt; un court billet publié assez récemment&lt;/a&gt;, Fanny Samson, dans la suite de Weinberger, tente de départager les deux notions de transparence et d’objectivité. Le titre de son billet est assez révélateur : « L’objectivité n’existe pas ». À partir de discussions avec des journalistes bien connus et des intervenants du monde journalistique, elle soutient que l’objectivité est impossible, qu’il faut plutôt tenter d’atteindre une « impartialité ». Or, puisque toute personne est naturellement partiale, c’est la transparence qui permet de suppléer à ce défaut. Cette transparence permet de rendre compte, souvent en récit, du travail journalistique.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Selon &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kmworld.com/Articles/Column/David-Weinberger/Transparency-the-new-objectivity-55785.aspx&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;David Weinberger&lt;/a&gt;,&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&quot;margin-left: 40px;&quot;&gt;for a long time, journalists aimed to be objective. That’s not an achievable aim, and the claim that reporting is objective is not just wrong but seriously misleading. From the selection of the news to cover to the way in which the story is told, news reporting – like all story telling and all history – is from a particular point of view with particular expectations and values.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Une des manières de rendre une nouvelle transparente est ainsi de raconter l’histoire de son développement, toujours selon Weinberger : « Transparency – the embedded ability to see through the published draft – often gives us more reason to believe a report than the claim of objectivity did. » On pourrait qualifier cette nouvelle manière de présenter la nouvelle de « généalogique » parce qu’elle approfondit les origines en montrant l’étendu de l’activité plutôt que de fournir un produit définitif. La transparence permet ainsi, contre une objectivité artificielle, de laisser le lecteur de nouvelles évaluer les biais éventuels des journalistes. Une nouvelle objectivité, pourrait-on conclure, est atteinte, cette fois plus véridique parce que la subjectivité de chacun est en quelque sorte assumée.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Des études plus critiques du concept laissent pourtant voir l’« envers » de la transparence qui n’est pas toujours éthique. Les chercheurs Kalyani Chadha et Michael Koliska, par exemple, en interrogeant des journalistes de grands médias américains, concluent que la question de la transparence devient plus souvent de savoir comment avoir l’air transparent, sans nécessairement l’être. Pour les entreprises médiatiques, la transparence est plutôt vue comme un mécanisme visant à démontrer une ouverture des médias devant les critiques possibles de l’auditoire, mais elle est aussi une occasion mercantile, celle de produire du matériel supplémentaire à partir d’une seule et même histoire. Par exemple, un journaliste du &lt;em&gt;Los Angeles Times&lt;/em&gt; affirme : « People think about transparency as a sort of promotional tool… it builds better relationships with the public which means that more people come to our website. Our ultimate goal is to retain loyal readers and drive traffic to the website […]. » (dans Chadha et Koliska, 221) De nouveaux problèmes éthiques peuvent aussi survenir. En s’ouvrant tant au public, c’est souvent la distinction entre le public et le privé qui en souffre (225), ce qui est loin d’améliorer l’objectivité des journalistes.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Au final, on pourrait se demander si ce n’est pas la définition d’« objectivité » qui fait problème avec cette nouvelle notion de transparence. Pour promouvoir cette dernière, Weinberger décrivait la manière pour la mettre en pratique en disant que « [the] content is linked, public, discussed and always subject to dispute and revision ». N’a-t-on pourtant pas là la définition même de l’objectivité? Weinberger et, à sa suite, Samson semblent croire que l’objectivité est synonyme de « vérité », quelque chose comme un discours lui-même porteur d’une essence de vérité. Un discours vrai en lui-même qui se refuse à toute évaluation critique n’est pas un discours objectif, c’est un discours dogmatique (et, pourrait-on ajouter, subjectif). Épistémologiquement, un discours objectif ne possède pas en lui-même le fondement de sa vérité, c’est très exactement parce qu’il peut être soumis, publiquement, à la discussion et à la critique qu’il peut être qualifié d’objectif. Il faudrait ainsi se demander si l’exigence de la transparence dans le discours journalistique ne vise pas, finalement, à se rapprocher des exigences déjà désirées du discours scientifique. Ou si c’est tout simplement un moyen de gagner des lecteurs.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul class=&quot;footnotes&quot;&gt;&lt;li class=&quot;footnote&quot; id=&quot;footnote1_cnmwa3w&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote-label&quot; href=&quot;#footnoteref1_cnmwa3w&quot;&gt;1.&lt;/a&gt; David Weinberger, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kmworld.com/Articles/Column/David-Weinberger/Transparency-the-new-objectivity-55785.aspx&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;« Transparency: the new objectivity »&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Trend-Setting Products&lt;/em&gt; 18(8), septembre 2009.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;li class=&quot;footnote&quot; id=&quot;footnote2_kifblq9&quot;&gt;&lt;a class=&quot;footnote-label&quot; href=&quot;#footnoteref2_kifblq9&quot;&gt;2.&lt;/a&gt; Une étude du &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.people-press.org/2012/08/16/further-decline-in-credibility-ratings-for-most-news-organizations/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;Pew Research Center for the People and the Press&lt;/a&gt; publiée en 2012 indique entre autres que la « crédibilité favorable » (&lt;em&gt;positive believability&lt;/em&gt;) des grands réseaux américains a chuté d’environ 15 % sur une période de dix ans, allant de 71 % en 2002 à 56 % en 2012 (citée dans Chadha et Koliska 2015, 215).&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-mots-cles-libres-blogue field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-label&quot;&gt;Mots-clés libres du blogue:&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/%C3%A9thique&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;éthique&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/journalisme&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;journalisme&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/objectivit%C3%A9&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;objectivité&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item odd&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/mots-cl%C3%A9s-libres-du-blogue/transparence&quot; typeof=&quot;skos:Concept&quot; property=&quot;rdfs:label skos:prefLabel&quot;&gt;transparence&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field field-name-field-ref-biblio-test field-type-entityreference field-label-hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-items&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;field-item even&quot;&gt;&lt;div id=&quot;node-144237&quot; class=&quot;node node-biblio node-teaser&quot; about=&quot;/biblio/newsrooms-and-transparency-digital-age&quot; typeof=&quot;sioc:Item foaf:Document&quot;&gt;

        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/newsrooms-and-transparency-digital-age&quot;&gt;Newsrooms and Transparency in the Digital Age&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=166&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Chadha, Kalyani&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=167&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Michael  Koliska&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/newsrooms-and-transparency-digital-age&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Newsrooms And Transparency In The Digital Age&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Journalism Practice&lt;/span&gt; 9, no 2 (2015), 215-229. doi:10.1080/17512786.2014.924737.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Newsrooms+and+Transparency+in+the+Digital+Age&amp;amp;rft.title=Journalism+Practice&amp;amp;rft.date=2015&amp;amp;rft.volume=9&amp;amp;rft.issue=2&amp;amp;rft.spage=215&amp;amp;rft.epage=229&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Chadha&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Kalyani&amp;amp;rft.au=Koliska%2C+Michael&amp;amp;rft.au=Koliska%2C+Michael&amp;amp;rft.au=Koliska%2C+Michael&amp;amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17512786.2014.924737&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-5c369d505d064861622a16149e255652&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/elements-journalism-what-news-people-should-know-and-public-should-expect&quot;&gt;The Elements of Journalism: What News People Should Know and the Public Should Expect&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=168&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Kovach, Bill&lt;/a&gt; et &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=169&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Tom  Rosenstiel&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/elements-journalism-what-news-people-should-know-and-public-should-expect&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;The Elements Of Journalism: What News People Should Know And The Public Should Expect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;. New York: Three Rivers Press, 2007.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;amp;rft.title=The+Elements+of+Journalism%3A+What+News+People+Should+Know+and+the+Public+Should+Expect&amp;amp;rft.date=2007&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Kovach&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Bill&amp;amp;rft.au=Rosenstiel%2C+Tom&amp;amp;rft.au=Rosenstiel%2C+Tom&amp;amp;rft.au=Rosenstiel%2C+Tom&amp;amp;rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&amp;amp;rft.place=New+York&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-1a1a24ef764614a497e2f1b56481d68d&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/further-decline-credibility-ratings-most-news-organizations&quot;&gt;Further Decline in Credibility Ratings for Most News Organizations&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=173&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Pew Research Center&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/further-decline-credibility-ratings-most-news-organizations&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Further Decline In Credibility Ratings For Most News Organizations&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;, 2012. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.people-press.org/files/2012/08/8-16-2012-Media-Believability1.pdf&quot;&gt;http://www.people-press.org/files/2012/08/8-16-2012-Media-Believability1.pdf&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.title=Further+Decline+in+Credibility+Ratings+for+Most+News+Organizations&amp;amp;rft.date=2012&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Pew+Research+Center&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-65aeab59578515ec2b8c5e1d46e74837&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/transparency-assessment-kantian-root-key-element-media-ethics-practice&quot;&gt;Transparency: An Assessment of the Kantian Root of a Key Element in Media Ethics Practice&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=170&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Plaisance, Patrick L&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/transparency-assessment-kantian-root-key-element-media-ethics-practice&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Transparency: An Assessment Of The Kantian Root Of A Key Element In Media Ethics Practice&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Journal Of Mass Media Ethics&lt;/span&gt; 22, no 2/3 (2007), 187-207. doi:10.1080/08900520701315855.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Transparency%3A+An+Assessment+of+the+Kantian+Root+of+a+Key+Element+in+Media+Ethics+Practice&amp;amp;rft.title=Journal+of+Mass+Media+Ethics&amp;amp;rft.date=2007&amp;amp;rft.volume=22&amp;amp;rft.issue=2%2F3&amp;amp;rft.spage=187&amp;amp;rft.epage=207&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Plaisance&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Patrick&amp;amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08900520701315855&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-e66768fc7de81b9dc1bc7ebcd22785d3&quot;&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/l%E2%80%99objectivit%C3%A9-n%E2%80%99existe-pas&quot;&gt;L’objectivité n’existe pas&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=171&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Samson, Fanny&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/l%E2%80%99objectivit%C3%A9-n%E2%80%99existe-pas&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;L’Objectivité N’Existe Pas&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Magazine Trente&lt;/span&gt;. Fédération professionnelle des journalistes du Québec, 2014. &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.fpjq.org/lobjectivite-nexiste-pas/&quot;&gt;http://www.fpjq.org/lobjectivite-nexiste-pas/&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;amp;rft.title=L%E2%80%99objectivit%C3%A9+n%E2%80%99existe+pas&amp;amp;rft.date=2014&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Samson&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=Fanny&amp;amp;rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+professionnelle+des+journalistes+du+Qu%C3%A9bec&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-157bfdb940760eaa933b204739b8fb41&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;div class=&quot;views-field views-field-title&quot;&gt;        &lt;span class=&quot;field-content&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/blogue/la-transparence-et-l%E2%80%99objectivit%C3%A9-s%E2%80%99opposent-elles-en-journalisme&quot;&gt;La transparence et l’objectivité s’opposent-elles en journalisme?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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        &lt;h2 property=&quot;dc:title&quot; datatype=&quot;&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/transparency-new-objectivity&quot;&gt;Transparency: the new objectivity&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
    
  
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    &lt;div style=&quot;  text-indent: -25px; padding-left: 25px;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;biblio-authors&quot; &gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/biblio?f[author]=172&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Weinberger, David&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;a href=&quot;/biblio/transparency-new-objectivity&quot;&gt;« &lt;span class=&quot;biblio-title&quot; &gt;Transparency: The New Objectivity&lt;/span&gt; »&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;span  style=&quot;font-style: italic;&quot;&gt;Trend-Setting Products&lt;/span&gt; 18, no 8 (2009). &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.kmworld.com/Articles/Column/David-Weinberger/Transparency-the-new-objectivity-55785.aspx&quot;&gt;http://www.kmworld.com/Articles/Column/David-Weinberger/Transparency-the-new-objectivity-55785.aspx&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;Z3988&quot; title=&quot;ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;amp;rft.atitle=Transparency%3A+the+new+objectivity&amp;amp;rft.title=Trend-Setting+Products&amp;amp;rft.date=2009&amp;amp;rft.volume=18&amp;amp;rft.issue=8&amp;amp;rft.aulast=Weinberger&amp;amp;rft.aufirst=David&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;view view-blogue-vs-biblio view-id-blogue_vs_biblio view-display-id-entity_view_1 view-dom-id-223e6dc77a52e985aa56bc358a6e3549&quot;&gt;
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  &lt;div class=&quot;views-field views-field-title&quot;&gt;        &lt;span class=&quot;field-content&quot;&gt;&lt;a href=&quot;/blogue/la-transparence-et-l%E2%80%99objectivit%C3%A9-s%E2%80%99opposent-elles-en-journalisme&quot;&gt;La transparence et l’objectivité s’opposent-elles en journalisme?&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/span&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;  &lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</description>
 <pubDate>Tue, 21 Jun 2016 21:37:47 +0000</pubDate>
 <dc:creator>René Lemieux</dc:creator>
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